Literatuur week 6 EF Flashcards
Where are executive functions primarily located in the brain?
Frontal lobes
Miyake et al stated that executive functions are separable but moderately correlated constructs; so both …. as …. components
Unitary, non-unitary
What brain part is activated in manipulation of information necessary to perform a dual task?
The right inferior prefrontal cortex
What brain part is activated when information must be continuously updated?
The superior frontal cortex
What brain part is involved in monitoring behavior?
Right dorsolateral frontal area
What brain part is involved in verbal processing?
Left dorsolateral frontal area
The inferior medial frontal area seems to mediate certain aspects of ..?
Inhibitory processes of behavior
Right and left dorsolateral frontal area as well as superior medial frontal lobes seem to be engaged in tasks that require?
Cognitive switching
Which circuit is involved in functions of planning, goal selection, set-shifting, working memory and self-monitoring?
DL prefrontal circuit
Which circuit is involved in risk assessment and the inhibition of inappropriate behavioral responses?
Lateral orbitofrontal circuit
The current perspective is taht the frontal lobes represent a multi-faced area of the brain with executive processes, likely to involve links between frontal and …. areas as wel as …. and …. pathways
Posterior, subcortical and thalamic
What did Baddeley and Hitch proposed as an executive function system within their working memory model?
Central executive system
What does the central executive system do?
It’s a system of attentional control, able to focus and switch attention
What kind of model did Normal and Shallice propose? And what kind of aspect is linked to EF?
Supervisory Attentional System (SAS) - Automatic and controlled processes
… reject the approach of uniqueness of the frontal lobe in the control of executive functions
Zelazo et al.
Name a few implications when trying to measure EF
- The precise nature of the executive function on a task is unspecified
- Difficulty of distinguishing between automatic and controlled actions (between cognitive task en EF tasks)
- The matter of novelty of stimuli
- Task impurity
- The examinator determines how the task must be executed
- Tests using summary or endpoint scores
- Poor ecological validity of EF tests
Why is it difficult to asses EF in children?
Because the frontal lobe seems to be immature during childhood and because of limited language ability
Which 3 components are included in attentional control?
Selective attention, sustained attention, response inhibition
The greatest spurt of developement in executive abilities occures around the age of?
12
What is the first executive skill to be acquired around the age of 6?
Resist distraction
What EF refers to the ability to identify and organize the steps and elements needed to achieve a goal?
Planning
Children as young as 3 are able to construct different types of verbal plans. At what age has planning its greatest period of development?
Between 5 and 8 but improvements continue well into early adulthood
When does set shifting emerges in children, and when does is improve considerably?
Between 3 and 5
Between 7 and 9
Zelazo and Frye developed a theory that suggests that age related changes in the aquisition of EF during childhood can be attributed to changes in the complexity of rules that the child can formulate. What is the theory called?
Cognitive Complexity and Control (CCC)
