Literatuur week 6 EF Flashcards
Where are executive functions primarily located in the brain?
Frontal lobes
Miyake et al stated that executive functions are separable but moderately correlated constructs; so both …. as …. components
Unitary, non-unitary
What brain part is activated in manipulation of information necessary to perform a dual task?
The right inferior prefrontal cortex
What brain part is activated when information must be continuously updated?
The superior frontal cortex
What brain part is involved in monitoring behavior?
Right dorsolateral frontal area
What brain part is involved in verbal processing?
Left dorsolateral frontal area
The inferior medial frontal area seems to mediate certain aspects of ..?
Inhibitory processes of behavior
Right and left dorsolateral frontal area as well as superior medial frontal lobes seem to be engaged in tasks that require?
Cognitive switching
Which circuit is involved in functions of planning, goal selection, set-shifting, working memory and self-monitoring?
DL prefrontal circuit
Which circuit is involved in risk assessment and the inhibition of inappropriate behavioral responses?
Lateral orbitofrontal circuit
The current perspective is taht the frontal lobes represent a multi-faced area of the brain with executive processes, likely to involve links between frontal and …. areas as wel as …. and …. pathways
Posterior, subcortical and thalamic
What did Baddeley and Hitch proposed as an executive function system within their working memory model?
Central executive system
What does the central executive system do?
It’s a system of attentional control, able to focus and switch attention
What kind of model did Normal and Shallice propose? And what kind of aspect is linked to EF?
Supervisory Attentional System (SAS) - Automatic and controlled processes
… reject the approach of uniqueness of the frontal lobe in the control of executive functions
Zelazo et al.
Name a few implications when trying to measure EF
- The precise nature of the executive function on a task is unspecified
- Difficulty of distinguishing between automatic and controlled actions (between cognitive task en EF tasks)
- The matter of novelty of stimuli
- Task impurity
- The examinator determines how the task must be executed
- Tests using summary or endpoint scores
- Poor ecological validity of EF tests
Why is it difficult to asses EF in children?
Because the frontal lobe seems to be immature during childhood and because of limited language ability
Which 3 components are included in attentional control?
Selective attention, sustained attention, response inhibition
The greatest spurt of developement in executive abilities occures around the age of?
12
What is the first executive skill to be acquired around the age of 6?
Resist distraction
What EF refers to the ability to identify and organize the steps and elements needed to achieve a goal?
Planning
Children as young as 3 are able to construct different types of verbal plans. At what age has planning its greatest period of development?
Between 5 and 8 but improvements continue well into early adulthood
When does set shifting emerges in children, and when does is improve considerably?
Between 3 and 5
Between 7 and 9
Zelazo and Frye developed a theory that suggests that age related changes in the aquisition of EF during childhood can be attributed to changes in the complexity of rules that the child can formulate. What is the theory called?
Cognitive Complexity and Control (CCC)
Verbal fluency can be tested by two conditions: phonemic verbal and semantic fluency. What do these conditions require?
Phonemic verbal (letter): subjects needs to retrive words that begin with a particular letter
Semenatic fluency (category): subjects needs to name words that belong to a particular category
What EF is the last to emerge and is significantly influenced by environmental factors?
Verbal fluency
Which developmental disorder has difficulties in planning and mental flexibility?
Autism
Which developmental disorder has difficulties in inhibitory and suppression of overlearned responses?
ADHD
What does dysmetria of thought mean and what area has been damaged?
lack of coordination’ (finger-to-nose-test)
Cerebellum
Which neurotransmitters are involved in EF? And what do they do?
Dopamine: set-shifting, inhibition, attention
Serotonin: general executive control and attention
Acetylcholine: cognitive flexibility, attention
What part of the brain is involved in sequencing, timing, coordination?
Cerebellum
Executive functions are mainly supported by which brain area?
Prefrontal cortex
The largest EF deficits are found for individuals with which disorder?
Schizophrenia
What are the largest deficits of EF in people with schizophrenia?
Shifting, inhibition, updating, visuospatial WM and verbal manipulation
Which disorder is associated with impairments in shifting, inhibition, visuospatial WM and verbal WM manipulation
ADHD
Which 3 aspects of EF does the university/diversity model focus on?
Updating WM, shifting and inhibition
According to the attentional network approach (snyder) in which 3 networks can the system by subdivided?
- Alerting (allowing to achieve and maintain a state of alertness);
- Orienting (allowing to select sensory information by engaging, disengaging or shifting attention from one stimulus to another);
- Executive (involving the top-down control of attention to resolve response conflicts)
What can be defined as the cognitive control function in charge of forming associations that are relevant for accomplishing a given task and achieving a goal, as well as actively suppressing the interfering, task irrelevant ones
Criterion setting
What can be defined as cognitive control function in charge of actively maintaining representations of task-relevant goals and events?
Monitoring processes
What is the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF)
A bidirectional link between the prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe, concerning the perception of visual space and the focusing of attention on different parts of space
What is meant by hot and cold EF?
Cold = emotionally neutral
Hot = modified by emotion, require emotional control and empathy
