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Cell Bio > Lipids - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lipids - Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the building blocks of lipids

A

fatty acids

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2
Q

what is a lipid, where is it found, what does it do

A

hydrophobic organic molecule; membranes or bound to plasma proteins; major source of energy for the body and help with compartmentalization, vitamins

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3
Q

definition of hydrophobic

A

water insoluble

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4
Q

examples of common lipids

A

fatty acids, triacylglycerol, phospholipid, steroid, glycolipid, prostaglandins, steroid hormones

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5
Q

definition of amphipathic

A

hydrophilic (polar) head, hydrophobic tails

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6
Q

where does lipid digestion start via what enzyme

A

in the stomach via lipases

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7
Q

what is emulsification and where does it occur

A

makes fats more soluble so lipases can work by breaking down into smaller particles ; duodenum

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8
Q

what emulsifies fat droplets and where are they found

A

bile acids ; synthesized in liver and stored in gall bladder

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9
Q

how does lipid digestion occur

A

CCK is synthesized when lipids and proteins (food) enters the duodenum, it stimulates bile acid and pancreas enzyme secretion, which then stimulates bicarbonate from the pancreas

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10
Q

significance of bicarbonate and where it’s found

A

helps neutralize stomach pH; lumen of the SI

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11
Q

mixed micelles are formed post digestion by

A

FFA + cholesterol + MAG + lipid soluble vitamins + bile acids

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12
Q

what do mixed micelles do

A

approach brush border of enterocytes and are absorbed into the jejunum

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13
Q

what happens to bile acids post digestion

A

reabsorbed into the ileum (SI) and recycled multiple times

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14
Q

only long chain FA form micelles because

A

small and medium chain so small they just diffuse right into the plasma membrane

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15
Q

what is re-esterification and where does it occur

A

synthesis of more complex lipids (long chain fatty acids); endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

chylomicron composition ; where is it found

A

phospholipids, TAG, fatty acids ; inside enterocyte or blood plasma

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17
Q

what happens to short and medium chain fatty acids

A

directly released into portal circulation where they bind to albumin

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18
Q

what happens to chylomicrons

A

released by exocytosis into the lymphatic vessels -> veins -> blood

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19
Q

what is unique about chylomicrons

A

it is so large it can’t go straight into blood so the route it takes bypasses the liver

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20
Q

main function of chylomicron

A

send lipids to the rest of the body without involving the liver

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21
Q

types of plasma lipoproteins

A

chylomicron, LDL, VLDL, HDL

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22
Q

composition of plasma lipoproteins

A

triacylglycerol, proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol

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23
Q

what is the “good” cholesterol

A

HDL - 40% protein

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24
Q

what is the “bad” cholesterol

A

LDL - 50% cholesterol

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25
Q

lipoprotein lipase function

A

strip TAG of FFA & glycerol at the capillaries.

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26
Q

after stripped, FFA will

A

go into muscle cells or adipocytes or stay in the blood binding to plasma proteins

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27
Q

after stripped, glycerol will

A

go to the liver to synthesize glycerol 3 phosphate (gluconeogenesis)

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28
Q

chylomicron remnants will

A

be absorbed by the liver

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29
Q

relevance of fatty acids

A

during a fast, bound to albumin in plasma on the way to tissues -> oxidation to create energy

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30
Q

structural components of fatty acids

A

phospholipids & glycolipids in the plasma membrane

31
Q

lipid hormone precursor

A

prostaglandins

32
Q

lipid energy reserve

A

TAG in adipose tissue

33
Q

saturated fatty acid structure

A

no double bonds

34
Q

unsaturated fatty acid structure

A

double bonds (kinks), cis

35
Q

alpha C

A

carboxyl group

36
Q

beta C

A

3

37
Q

gamma C

A

4

38
Q

omega C

A

terminal methyl group

39
Q

essential fatty acids can’t

A

be synthesized in the body so we must ingest them

40
Q

example of essential fatty acid and where it’s found

A

arachidonic acid ; plasma membrane ; alpha linoleic acid

41
Q

de novo synthesis of fatty acids occurs

A

cytosol of liver, mammary gland, adipose tissue cells

42
Q

substrates of de novo synthesis

A

carbs & proteins from diet that were consumed in excess

43
Q

1st step of de novo synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA from mitochondrial matrix broken down to citrate into the cytosol

44
Q

2nd step of de novo synthesis (rate limiting)

A

ACoA -> malonyl CoA via ACC

45
Q

all other fatty acid synthesis uses what enzyme

A

FAS (fatty acid synthase, or ACP)

46
Q

when FAS/ACP is used what is generated

A

palmitate (fully saturated fatty acid)

47
Q

newly synthesized fatty acids are stored

A

as 1, 2, or 3 molecules in lipid droplets in adipocytes

small portion stored in liver and released into blood as VLDL

48
Q

mobilization of fat requires

A

release from TAG via enzyme stimulated by glucagon or epinephrine

49
Q

Beta oxidation of fatty acids occurs

A

in the mitochondria

50
Q

beta oxidation of fatty acids entails

A

the removal of 2 C and a transport carrier to get the long chain fatty acylcoa from the cytosol into the mitochondria; can do several times

51
Q

beta oxidation net gain

A

1 palmitoyl -> 8 ACoA, 7 NADH, 7 FADH2 -> 129 ATP

52
Q

how are ketone bodies made

A

converted from ACoA from fatty acid oxidation by liver (mitochondria)

53
Q

examples of ketone bodies

A

acetoacetate, acetone, etc.

54
Q

ketongenesis occurs when

A

there’s a fast and fatty acids come from adipose tissue to the liver and it produces a lot of NADH which shifts OAA to malate

55
Q

why do diabetic patients have a lot of ketone bodies

A

because they’re hypoglycemic so not using glucose to use energy so will mobilize fat to make energy and ketone bodies form because of that

56
Q

ketone bodies in peripheral tissues

A

converted to ACoA -> TCA cycle (used for energy)

57
Q

when is a liposom made

A

if not building a lipid bilayer chain

58
Q

phospholipid synthesis pathway

A

2 precursors + enzyme -> phosphatidic acid -> diacylglycerol -> phosphatidyl_______

59
Q

all cells can make phospholipids except

A

RBC

60
Q

synthesis of phospholipids occurs

A

in the sER -> Golgi -> membranous organelles

61
Q

donation of phosphatidic acid makes

A

1 option

62
Q

donation of DAG makes

A

2 options

63
Q

glycerophospholipids composed of

A

phosphatidic acid + alcohol

64
Q

cardiolipin

A

inner mitochondrial membrane; maintenance of ETC

65
Q

PAF

A

platelet activating factor; activates inflammatory cells, hypersensitivity, anaphylactic rxn

66
Q

sphingomyelin

A

myelin in nerve fibers

67
Q

IP3 & DAG intracellular signaling

A

1st messenger: hormone, 2nd messenger: IP3 (released into cytosol) & DAG (stay in membrane)
G protein coupled receptors activate enzymes, IP3 can send and retrieve Ca2+

68
Q

glycosphingolipids

A

ABO blood group antigens, only difference is one phospholipid off the sugar molecule

69
Q

prostaglandins

A

20C, made by arachidonic acid, aspirin blocks it; vasoconstriction, uterine contractions (induce labor)

70
Q

thromboxanes

A

20C, made by arachidonic acid, aspirin blocks it; vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, Ca, smooth muscle contraction

71
Q

cis =

A

same side

72
Q

trans =

A

opposite side

73
Q

carnitine translocase

A

facilitates transport of fatty acid from cytosol -> mitochondrial matrix

74
Q

how do NSAIDS work

A

block synthesis of inflammatory mediators

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