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Cell Bio > Cell-Cell Communication - Exam 3 > Flashcards

Cell-Cell Communication - Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

definition of a ligand

A

signaling molecule

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2
Q

permeable ligand characteristics

A

small, hydrophobic, lipophilic

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3
Q

example of permeable ligand

A

NO (vasodilation)

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4
Q

impermeable ligand characteristics

A

H2O soluble, polar, charged

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5
Q

example of impermeable ligand

A

growth factors/hormones like insulin

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6
Q

definition of a receptor

A

target cell, shape altered, specific

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7
Q

internal receptor characteristics

A

intracellular/cytoplasmic, hydrophobic ligands, binds to chromosomal DNA, gene expression

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8
Q

cell surface receptor characteristics

A

transmembrane, hydrophobic membrane spanning region, intracellular domain inside cell, signal transduction

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9
Q

examples of neurotransmitters

A

oxytocin, endorphin, dopamine, glutamate, glycine

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10
Q

examples of signal molecules in cell physiology

A

estradiol, thyroid hormones, testosterone, vitamin D3, retinoic acid, neurotransmitters, light- phototransduction, pressure- mechanotransduction, NO, CO, eicosanoids, growth factors/hormones like insulin

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11
Q

cell-cell signaling: gap junctions

A

passage of small molecules and ions like calcium

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12
Q

cell-cell signaling: tight junctions

A

seal neighboring epithelial cells i.e. lung

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13
Q

cell-cell signaling: adherens junctions

A

strong mechanical attachments i.e. cardiac muscle

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14
Q

cell-cell signaling: desmosomes

A

link intermediate filament cytoskeleton i.e. skin

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15
Q

cell itself signaling

A

autocrine- pain & inflammation

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16
Q

adjacent/nearby cell signaling

A

paracrine, synaptic signaling

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17
Q

distant cell signaling

A

endocrine

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18
Q

prostaglandins

A

paracrine & autocrine in nature, produced at man different sites in the body

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19
Q

ion-channel cell surface receptors

A

ligand-gated, transmembrane, Na, Ca, Mg, K, H, can pass through, nerve-muscle junction, neurons, glutamate & acetylcholine (cardiac/muscle cells, pancreatic acinar cells/exocytosis secretory granules)

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20
Q

intrinsic enzymatic activity cell surface receptors

A

convert GMP into cGTP, atrial naturetic protein

21
Q

tyrosine kinase-linked cell surface receptors

A

cytokines, interferons, human growth factor

22
Q

G protein cell surface receptors

A

second messenger, causes change in membrane potential, epinephrine, serotonin, angiotensin II, glucagon

23
Q

examples of G protein cell surface receptors

A

rhodopsin, beta-adrenergic, frizzled

24
Q

short term cell responses

A

ligand gated ion channels (ms) & GPCR (min)

25
Q

long term cell responses

A

kinase linked receptors (hrs) & nuclear receptors (mins)

26
Q

ionotropic membrane receptors

A

transmembrane: trigger short term and rapid responses & postsynaptic effects, cations & H2O can move through

27
Q

ionotropic glutamate receptors

A

neuron burst/firing, NMDA (internal binding site for Mg2+)

28
Q

metabotropic membrane receptors

A

linked to G proteins, activates a second messenger, longer response, glutamate receptors

29
Q

examples of second messengers

A

cAMP, derivative of ATP, cGMP (visual reception in vertebrate eye) via rhodopsin, phospholipids, Ca2+, IP3, DAG

30
Q

IP3 signaling

A

ADH, TRH, TSH, Angiotensin II, release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores by activating protein kinase C

31
Q

PIP2 hydrolysis produces

A

DAG, IP3, PIP3 via phospholipase C, downstream of GPCR & receptor tyrosine kinase

32
Q

cAMP signaling

A

synthesized by ATP via adenylyl cyclase; ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, PTH, Calcitonin, glucagon, hCG, odorants, epinephrine, CREB

33
Q

cAMP signaling activated by

A

PKA- activating/inhibiting protein activity, activating gene expression through transcription factors

34
Q

intracellular receptors

A

phosphorylase kinase activates glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate

35
Q

glycogen synthase

A

catalyzes glycogen synthesis

36
Q

elevation of cAMP & activation of protein kinase A

A

blocks glycogen synthesis & stimulates glycogen breakdown

37
Q

receptor inactivation done by

A

ligand degradation, endocytosis mediated receptor recycling, degradation of receptors by proteasomes, ligand sequestration by lysosomes

38
Q

Ca2+ as a signaling molecule

A

signal transduction via activation of ion channels and indirect signal transduction pathways like G protein coupled receptors and ryanodine receptors

39
Q

Calmodulin activated by Ca2+ binding

A

actin and myosin contraction

40
Q

Ca2+ intracellular concentration =

A

lower than typical extracellular concentration, actively pumped from the cytosol to the extracellular space, ER, and mitochondria

41
Q

Ca2+ signaling occurs when

A

cell stimulated to release Ca2+ from intracellular stores

42
Q

Ca2+ homeostasis maintained by

A

calcium permeable channels, transporters, and ATPases

43
Q

Ca2+ regulates what 3 things

A

(a)sexual development, circadian clock, protein folding

44
Q

in electrically non-excitable cells like RBC,

A

influx of Ca2+ regulates exocytosis, enzyme control, gene regulation, cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis

45
Q

depletion of Ca2+ from ER….

A

leads to Ca2+ entry from outside the cell by activation of SOCs, current created (CRAC), Orai1 & STIM1 activated (t lymphocytes)

46
Q

Ca2+ physiologic functions

A

depolarization of the heart, antigen stimulation of immune cells, muscle contraction, cellular motility, fertilization, learning and memory, activation of isocitrate dehydrogenase

47
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

portion of plasma membrane invaginated, coated with clathrin, pinched off, forms an endosome

48
Q

LDL receptors recycled

A

arrestin: receptor desensitization degradation recycling generate signalosomes which scaffold proteins to make downstream signaling events

Cell Bio (16 decks)

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