Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Bio > Intro/Carbs - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Intro/Carbs - Exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

definition of homeostasis

A

expenditure of energy to reassume the ordered state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cytoplasm allows cells to be

A

isolated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the exchange of heat, oxygen, waste, nutrients, etc. describes an

A

open system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

6 components of a biological membrane

A

lipids, proteins, carbs, water, divalent cations (2+ charge), cholesterin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

inner mitochondrial membrane has a high concentration of ______ because …….

A

proteins; transport between mitochondria & membrane via ETC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

gram positive bacteria has a high concentration of ______ because ………

A

protein; microtubules manipulate membrane for movement and division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

eukaryotic cell consists of which membranes

A

plasma membrane, nuclear membrane (in/out), ER and Golgi Apparatus membranes, mitochondrial membrane (in/out), peroxisomes, lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

purpose of the nucleus

A

genetic information, transcription, hormone receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

purpose of the ER

A

synthesis of proteins, lipids, calcium store, post translational modifications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

purpose of the Golgi apparatus

A

protein processing, post translational modifications, polysaccharide synthesis, phosphorylation, packing of proteins for transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

purpose of the mitochondria

A

oxidation of carbs and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

purpose of lysosomes

A

digestion of macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

purpose of peroxisomes

A

oxidation of organic molecules, catalase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which 3 cycles play a role in cellular metabolism

A

glycolysis, CAC, ETC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ATP stands for ______ ; function

A

adenosine triphosphate; energy in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when ATP releases it’s energy it becomes

A

ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what 2 metabolic intermediates are converted into ATP

A

NADH, FADH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the functions of carbs; general formula

A

energy source, energy storage, communication, cell wall of bacteria; (CH2O)3-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

synonyms for carbs

A

___saccharides, glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 main carbs are

A

ribose, glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ribose shape

A

5 carbon (pentose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

glucose shape

A

6 carbon (hexose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

in aqueous solution, what happens to glucose

A

switches between alpha ring, beta ring, and open chain forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is an isomer ; examples

A

same chemical formula, different arrangement ; i.e.: fructose, glucose, mannose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is an enantiomer ; examples

A

mirror image of same molecule ; i.e.: D&L sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is a sugar derivative

A

replacement of a single OH group by another group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what bonds link monosaccharides ; what is lost in the process

A

glycosidic bonds ; H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

oligosaccharides contain how many monosaccharides

A

3-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

polysaccharides contain how many monosaccharides

A

> 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

galactose + glucose =

A

lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where does carb digestion start ; via what enzyme

A

mouth & intestinal lumen ; amylase (ptyalin)

32
Q

what are 4 main carbs we ingest

A

starch, glycogen, saccharose, & lactose

33
Q

where is the 2nd step of carb digestion

A

pancreas

34
Q

where is the 3rd step of carb digestion

A

intestinal mucosa (surface)

35
Q

where are carbs absorbed ; via which transport mechanisms

A

cytosol (duodenum, upper jejunum) ; SGLT1, GLUT 5, & GLUT 2

36
Q

what is SGLT1

A

facilitated carrier for sodium glucose transport

37
Q

what is GLUT 5 & GLUT 2

A

facilitated carrier for glucose but doesn’t use sodium, insulin induced, tissue specific

38
Q

what exactly is lactose intolerance

A

abnormal degradation of disaccharides (actually goes into the large intestine, pulls water, which causes the symptoms)

39
Q

why is lactose intolerance age related

A

as you get older the enzymes are either reduced or deficient so unable to break down lactose as well

40
Q

what is oxidation

A

loses electron

41
Q

what is reduction

A

gains electron

42
Q

what are catabolic pathways

A

breakdown of large energy molecules to make small, energy poor byproducts

43
Q

what are anabolic pathways

A

build up of small molecules to make complex ones; requires energy

44
Q

what is GK and how does it work

A

glucokinase ; helps convert glucose into pyruvate in the cytosol, active when glucose present, when not present will go back to the nucleus and bind to GKRP (glucokinase regulatory protein) and become inactive

45
Q

what is anaerobic glycolysis

A

cytosol; glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH -> 2 ATP; lactic acid fermentation

46
Q

which cells use anaerobic glycolysis

A

RBC and muscle cells

47
Q

what is aerobic glycolysis ; what tissues use it

A

mitochondria; 1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate -> 8 NADH + 2 FADH + 2 GTP (net ATP is 36!!) ; neurons, liver & muscle cells

48
Q

activation of glycolysis via _______ ; example

A

phosphorylation ; insulin (quick)

49
Q

inhibition of glycolysis via _______ ; example

A

dephosphorylation ; glucagon (quick)

50
Q

hormonal regulation of glycolysis

A

long-lasting

51
Q

what are other names for the TCA cycle and what does it do

A

Citric Acid Cycle/Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle/Kreb’s Cycle ; carbs, fatty acids, and amino acids converge “traffic circle” near ETC (inner membrane -> matrix of mitochondria), aerobic, delivers reduced NADH and FADH2

52
Q

5 energy events that occur in the mitochondria

A

TCA, ETC, ATP synthesis, Beta oxidation, pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA

53
Q

what does the respiratory chain consist of and where does it occur

A

3 transmembrane enzymatic complexes + 2 mobile electron carriers ; inner mitochondrial membrane

54
Q

proton pump process

A

proton from intermembrane space -> proton channel (F0) -> ATP synthase (F1) -> matrix

55
Q

proton pump reversal process

A

proton from matrix -> ATP hydrolysis -> intermembrane space

56
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

the production of glucose from non-sugar molecules (amino acids, lactate, glycerol)

57
Q

when do we use gluconeogenesis

A

prolonged fast (because hepatic glycogen stores are used up)

58
Q

tissues that use gluconeogenesis

A

liver and kidney

59
Q

what is the Cori cycle

A

lactate from exercising muscles or RBC converted to glucose (pyruvate) in the liver

60
Q

characteristics of glucogenic amino acids

A

used as substrate 1st in TCA cycle then used in gluconeogenesis 2nd as oxaloacetate

61
Q

examples of ketoacids

A

anything that ends in “ine” or “ate”

62
Q

what happens to glycerol during gluconeogenesis

A

released during the hydrolysis of TAGs in adipose tissue and enters the cycle as glycerol phosphate

63
Q

which 4 reactions are unique in gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, Fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase, Glucose 6 phosphatase

64
Q

what is glucagon and how does it stimulate gluconeogenesis

A

hormone from pancreas; modifies enzyme activity & induces enzyme synthesis

65
Q

what is glycogenesis, where does it occur, what does it need

A

store glucose as glycogen in order to mobilize it when needed (no food) “back-up”; cytosol; ATP & UTP

66
Q

what tissues in the body store glycogen through glycogenesis

A

skeletal muscle & liver

67
Q

what is glycogen

A

polysaccharide made of D glucose

68
Q

insulin effect on carb metabolism

A

increase glycogenesis ; decrease glycogenolysis

69
Q

glucagon/epinephrine effect on carb metabolism

A

increase glycogenolysis; decrease glycogenesis

70
Q

what is the hexose pathway also known as, where does it occur, and what does it do

A

pentose phosphate cycle; cytosol; produces ribose for DNA/RNA synthesis, used in liver/fat/RBC, produces a lot of NADPH for fatty acid/steroid synthesis, drug metabolism, etc.

71
Q

what is the respiratory burst

A

in phagocytic cells (steps: chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, destruction) to break apart bacteria

72
Q

what is an aldose

A

contain an aldehyde group

73
Q

which steps of glycolysis require an investment of energy

A

1-3

74
Q

what is the irreversible, rate limiting step of glycolysis

A

phosphorylation of fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate

75
Q

what is the first step of the TCA cycle

A

oxaloacetate -> citric acid

Cell Bio (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions