Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Lipids: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids > Flashcards

Lipids: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Where is 90% of fatty acids found in the body?

A

lipoprotein particles

Ex) HDL and LDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which type of cells secrete HCl?

A

parietal cells in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which types of cells secrete pepsinogen which is activated by HCl to pepsin?

A

Chief Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is protein broken down into peptides?

A

in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are peptides broken down into amino acids?

A

in the intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are di- and tri-peptides and amino acids absorbed in the intestinal lumen?

A

into Na+ dependent secondary transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which secretion breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth?

A

salivary a-amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which secretion stops the action of salivary amylase?

A

HCl secreted by chief cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which organ secretes a-amylase?

A

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which type of carbohydrates are absorbed?

A

monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which type of diffusion moves monosaccharides from the cell to the blood?

A

facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does most fat digestion occur?

A

duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the emulsification of fats help surface area of the hydrophobic lipid?

A

increases surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are bile salts from?

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Emulsified fat globule is broken down by what two secretions to from 2-monoacylglycerol and free fatty acids?

A

Pancreatic lipase & bile salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Emulsified fat globule is broken down into what?

A

2-monoacylglycerol and free fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the primary products of dietary lipid degradation in the jejunum?

A

Free Fatty Acids, cholesterol and 2-monoacylglycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What forms micelles?

A

disk shaped clusters of amphipathic lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Are mixed micelles soluble or insoluble in aqueous solutions of the intestinal lumen?

A

soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which enzyme converts 2-monoacylglycerols to triacylglycerols?

A

mono- and di-acylglycerol acyltransferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Short and medium chain fatty acids do or don’t require mixed micelles for absorption?

A

don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters incorporated into during absorption?

A

chylomicrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How and where are chylomicrons released?

A

released by exocytosis from enterocytes into the lacteals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which body system transports chylomicrons?

A

lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the precursor to hormones?

A

fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where are fatty acids stored?

A

adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how do fatty acids transport in the blood?

A

by albumins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When is there large amounts of fatty acids in the plasma (blood)?

A

during the fasting stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

define amphipathic

A

a hydrophobic compound with a hydrophilic end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which side of a fatty acid chain predominates?

A

hydrophobic portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which type of fatty acid has double bonds?

A

unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which type of fatty acid does not have double bonds?

A

saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which type of fatty acid is liquid at room temperature?

A

unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which type of fatty acid is solid at room temperature?

A

saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which configuration of an unsaturated fatty acid is synthetic?

A

trans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which configuration allows loose, pliable membranes?

A

Cis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which configuration forms stiff membranes?

A

trans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which type of fatty acid configuration are most preservatives made of?

A

unsaturated trans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the common name for a fatty acid with 4 carbons?

A

Butyric Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the common name for a fatty acid with 10 carbons?

A

Capric Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the common name for a fatty acid with 16 carbons?

A

Palmitic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the common name for a fatty acid with 16 carbons and 1 double bond?

A

Palmitoleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How many carbons and double bonds des Palmitoleic Acid have?

A

16:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which fatty acid has an 18 carbon chain?

A

Stearic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the common name for a fatty acid with 18 carbons and 1 double bond?

A

Oleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How many carbons and double bonds does Oleic Acid have?

A

18:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the common name for a fatty acid with 18 carbons and 2 double bonds?

A

Linoleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How many carbons and double bonds does linoleic acid have?

A

18:2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the common name for the fatty acid with 18 carbons and 3 double bonds?

A

alpha-linolenic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How many carbons and double bonds does alpha-linolenic acid have?

A

18:3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the common name for a fatty acid with 20 carbons and 4 double bonds?

A

arachidonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How many carbons and double bonds does arachidonic acid have?

A

20:4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the 3 parts of a fatty acid structure?

A

1) Hydrophobic Hydrocarbon chain
2) Terminal Carboxyl Group
3) Long chain fatty acid hydrophobic portion (predominates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the 2 versions of dietary essential fatty acids?

A

1) Linoleic Acid (omega 6)

2) Linolenic Acid (omega 3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the chemical name for omega 3?

A

Linolenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the chemical name for omega 6?

A

Linoleic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Which dietary fatty acid can metabolize into arachidonic acid

A

linoleic acid (omega 6)

58
Q

Which dietary essential fatty acid is metabolized into producing PGE3 (prostaglandins)?

A

Linolenic (omega3)

59
Q

Which foods have omega 6 more abundantly?

A

corn, sunflowers, oils, grains

60
Q

Which essential fatty acid is most abundant in the average American diet?

A

omega 6

61
Q

Which essential fatty acid is more commonly supplemented?

A

omega 3

62
Q

Which prostaglandin is a good anti-inflammatory/anti-spasmodic?

A

PGE1 and PGE3

63
Q

Which essential fatty acid can produce PGE1?

A

omega 6

64
Q

What is produced from too much omega 6 consumption?

A

arachidonic acid

65
Q

If arachidonic acid is produced, what can also possibly be produced?

A

PGE2

66
Q

Which prostaglandins is a pro-inflammatory marker?

A

PGE2

67
Q

Which essential fatty acid is most often supplemented?

A

omega 3

68
Q

Where can omega 3 be found?

A

veggie/ greens

69
Q

Which essential fatty acid inhibits arachadonic acid?

A

omega 3

70
Q

How is VLDL assembled?

A

from cholesterol and apolipoproteins

71
Q

What does VLDL transport?

A

endogenous products

72
Q

What does VLDL convert to in the bloodstream?

A

LDL

73
Q

What does chylomicrons transport?

A

exogenous products

74
Q

What is the key marker formation for LDLs?

A

atherogenic

75
Q

Where does the synthesis of fatty acid occur?

A

liver and lactating mammary glands

76
Q

When does fatty acid synthesis occur?

A

Well Fed state

77
Q

What is the main building block of fatty acids?

A

Acetyl CoA

78
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis occur in the cell?

A

cytosol

79
Q

Where is Acetyl CoA produced?

A

kreb cycle

80
Q

How do you get Acetyl CoA out of the mitochondria?

A

cleave the CoA because its too bulky

81
Q

List the process of how AcetylCoA leaves the mitochondria

A

1) Acetyl CoA + OAA + citrate synthase -(CoA) = Citrate
2) Citrate transport
3) CoA + ATP Citrate Lyase —> Oxyloacetate + AcetylCoA

82
Q

Which two enzymes are involved with converting/breaking down citrate from AcetylCoA and Oxaloacetate?

A

Citrate Synthase

ATP Citrate Lyase

83
Q

Which enzyme cleaves Citrate as it leaves the cell?

A

ATP-Citrate Lyase

84
Q

What allosterically activates Acetyl CoA Carboxylase?

A

High Citrate
OR
Low amounts of long-chain fatty acids

85
Q

What allosterically inhibits Acetyl CoA Carboxylase?

A

Long Chain Fatty AcylCoA

86
Q

Which enzyme converts AcetylCoA to MalonylCoA?

A

AcetylCoA Carboxylase

87
Q

Prolonged consumption of excess calories causes an increase the synthesis of which enzyme?

A

AcetylCoA Carboxylase

88
Q

What is the name of a multicatalytic polypeptide with seven different enzymatic activities plus a domain

A

Fatty Acid Synthase Monomer

89
Q

What is the first step of fatty acid synthesis?

A

Acetate is transferred from acetyl CoA to the SH grouo of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) using the enzyme acetyl-CoA ACP transacylase

90
Q

What happens to the 2-carbon fragment left from the first step of fatty acid synthesis?

A

transferred to a temporary holding site B-ketoacyl-ACP synthase
(SH of the cysteine residue)

91
Q

Which enzyme combines ACP and Acetyl CoA?

A

acetyl-CoA ACP transacylase

92
Q

What is the condensing enzyme to help form Acetoaceyl-ACP

A

B-ketoacyl-ACP synthase

93
Q

What are HDLs? What does it transfer/do?

A

High-Density Lipoprotein, richer in protein

Transfer fats from the adipose tissue to the liver to be oxidized and broken down

94
Q

What are LDLs? What do they transfer/do?

A

Low-Density Lipoprotein

responsible for binding fats at the liver and sending them to the adipose tissue to be stored?

95
Q

What is the name for a 16 carbon saturated fatty acid?

A

Palmitate/ Palmitic Acid

96
Q

Allosteric Activation of which enzyme Converts AcetylCoA to MalanylCoA?

A

AcetylCoA Carboxylase

97
Q

What initiates Fatty Acid synthesis?

A

Allosteric Activation of AcetylCoA Carboxylase?

98
Q

How can you shut down AcetylCoA Carboxylase (inactiveate)?

A

Protein Kinase A (adds a phosphate)

99
Q

What activates protein phosphatase?

A

High concentration of insulin and fructose 6

100
Q

What removes a phosphate from AcetylCoA Carboxylase and then in turn, activates it??

A

Protein Phosphatase

101
Q

What activates protein kinase A?

A

AMPK AND Glucagon/epinephrine

102
Q

Fatty Acid synthesis is how many reactions?

A

7

103
Q

What does ACP replace ?

A

CoA

104
Q

What is a component of Vitamin A, derived from pantothenic acid, and is the domain that binds a fatty acid synthase monomer?

A

4’phosphopantetheine

105
Q

What is the 4 carbon molecule formed by the Acetyl-ACP and Malonyl-ACP

A

Acetoacetyl-ACP

106
Q

To react with the more accessible ketone on Acetoacetyl-ACP, which enzyme is used and what is formed?

A

enzyme: beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase + NADPH
molecule: beta-hydroxybutyryl-ACP

107
Q

To remove the newly created alcohol group off of Beta-hydroxybutyryl-ACP, which enzyme is used and what is formed?

A

Beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase (-H2O)

Molecule: alpha, beta-trans-Butenoyl-ACP

108
Q

Why does the trans molecular position help the synthesis of fatty acid?

A

trans prevents breaking down while making

109
Q

Which enzyme is repeatedly used to reduce a hydroxy group to a fat chain?

A

Beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase (-H2O)

110
Q

What are the 3 enzymes used in fatty acid synthesis?

A

beta-ketoacyl-ACP Synthase
beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase
beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase

111
Q

Which enzyme is used to reduce the double bond from a fat?

A

enoyl-ACP reductase

112
Q

How many cycles occur after Butyryl-ACP is formed during fatty acid synthesis?

A

6 more times

113
Q

Which enzyme cleaves the ACP to stop the adding of carbons onto the building fatty acid chain?

A

palmitoyl thioesterase

114
Q

How many carbons are on the final Palmitate fatty acid chain?

A

16 carbons

115
Q

How many carbons are added with each cycle of fatty acid biosynthesis?

A

2 carbons each cycle

116
Q

What is the final 16 carbon fatty acid?

A

palmitate

117
Q

How many fatty acid chains make up a triacylglycerols?

A

3 chains

118
Q

Which fatty acid chain on a triacylglycerol is saturated?

A

1 (possibly 3)

119
Q

Which fatty acid chain on a triacylglycerol is unsaturated?

A

2 (possible 3)

120
Q

Why is 2nd carbon fatty acid chain unsaturated?

A

decreases the melting temperature of the lipid

121
Q

What is the initial acceptor of the fatty acid during triacylglycerol synthesis?

A

Glycerol Phosphate

122
Q

Where is triacylglycerol primarily synthesized?

A

Liver

123
Q

When can adipocytes take up glucose?

A

ONLY in the presence of insulin

124
Q

How is a fatty acid converted into its active form?

A

(attached coenzyme A) before it can participate in TAG synthesis

125
Q

How many reactions to form a TAG?

A

4 reactions

126
Q

Which enzymes convert Glycerol Phosphate to a TAG?

A

Acyltransferase (3x)

Phosphatase(1x)

127
Q

Which enzyme removes a phosphate to help react by adding a fat?

A

Phosphatase

128
Q

What are the 5 molecules involved in TAG synthesis?

A

1) Glycerol Phosphate
2) Lysophosphatidic Acid
3) Phosphatidic Acid
4) Diacylglycerol
5) TAG

129
Q

Where is TAG stored?

A

cytosol of the adipose cells

130
Q

Why do you want the 1 carbon fatty acid on a TAG to be saturated?

A

Yields more energy

131
Q

Where can you find Glycerol kinase?

A

ONLY in liver

132
Q

What two molecules do you need to start making a TAG?

A

Glycerol molecule and a Fat

133
Q

How can you get glycerol molecule and a fat to react together to activate forming a TAG?

A

Put energy into the reaction using glycerol kinase plus an ATP

134
Q

Which enzyme helps the 1st step of activating TAG synthesis?

A

Glycerol Kinase

135
Q

which molecule is the only one that is active when it’s phosphorylated?

A

Hormone-Sensitive Lipase

136
Q

How many AcetylCoA are used in fatty acid synthesis?

A

8

137
Q

How many NADPH to make palmitate in fatty acid synthesis?

A

14

138
Q

How many ATP are used to make palmitate in fatty acid synthesis?

A

7

139
Q

How are fats transferred from the liver to fat storage?

A

3 fats and a glycerol molecule are turned into triacylglycerol, binds to VLDL/LDL, sent to the periphery

140
Q

Which enzyme aids with the absorption of fats into adipose tissue?

A

lipoprotein lipase

141
Q

What does hormone sensitive lipase do in the fasting state?

A

Protein Kinase A activates HSL by phosphorylating it, fats start secreting from adipose tissue, mobilize fats and send them through the system

142
Q

How is hormone sensitive lipase dephosphorylated (made inactive)?

A

High levels of insulin and glucose

Biochemistry (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions