Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketogenesis

Question 1

Which Apolipoproteins do LDLs have?

Answer 1

apoB

Question 2

Which Apolipoprotiens do HDLs have?

Answer 2

apoA

Question 3

Which fatty acid molecule configuration is artificially made?

Answer 3

trans

Question 4

Which fatty acid molecule configuration is natural?

Answer 4

cis

Question 5

Which fatty acid has double bonded carbons

Answer 5

unsaturated

Question 6

Are ketone bodies in the muscle an oxidation form of fat?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

Which molecule activation allows for the transfer of fats from the cytosol to the mitochondria?

Answer 7

carnitine

Question 8

What is the end product of fatty acid degradation?

Answer 8

Acetyl CoA

Question 9

When does fatty acid oxidation occur?

Answer 9

high glucagon
low insulin
FASTING

Or high epinephrine

Question 10

Which enzyme activates the release of fats from the adipose tissue and mobilizes them to be sent to the liver?

Answer 10

hormone sensitive lipase

Question 11

Can RBCs use fatty acids?

Answer 11

No (dont have mitochondria)

Question 12

Can the brain use fatty acids?

Answer 12

No (blood brain barrier

Question 13

During which state is the liver flooded with fatty acids mobilized from the adipose tissue?

Answer 13

fasting state

Question 14

High Acetyl CoA inhibits pyruvate _______ and activates pyruvate _________.

Answer 14

inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase

activates pyruvate carboxylase

Question 15

Why would you want to inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase?

Answer 15

Doesn’t produce more Acetyl CoA

Question 16

what synthesizes ketone bodies?

Answer 16

Acetyl CoA

Question 17

can fatty acids go across the mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 17

yes, anything below 12 carbons doesnt need assistance from the carnitine shuttle

Question 18

Which enzyme is used to get a fatty acid across the outer mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 18

Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I

Question 19

Which enzyme is used to get a fatty acid across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 19

Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II

Question 20

How does carnitine assist the transport of a fatty acid across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 20

CoA is replaced by carnitine.
Acyl-carnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix.
CoA goes back on the Acyl and carnitine is returned across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 21

What inhibits the carnitine shuttle? which enzyme does it inhibit?

Answer 21

High Malanoyl CoA (inhibits CPT-I)

Question 22

Which amino acids synthesize carnitine?

Answer 22

lysine and methionine

Question 23

Can carnitine be found in the skeletal muscle of animals?

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

Can carnitine be found in the skeletal muscles of humans?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

What is formed when you dehydrate Acyl-CoA with the enzyme acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase?

Answer 25

trans-enoyl-CoA

Question 26

What is formed from the hydration of the double bond in trans-Enoyl-CoA by enoyl-CoA-hydratase?

Answer 26

beta-L-Hydrocyacyl CoA

Question 27

What is formed by the dehydration of beta-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA by beta-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase?

Answer 27

Beta-Ketoacyl-CoA

Question 28

What is the cleaving enzyme used to seperate beta-ketoactyl-CoA?

Answer 28

beta-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase

Question 29

What is formed form the cleaving enzyme beta-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase?

Answer 29

Acyl-CoA (2 carbons shorter) AND Acetyl-CoA

Question 30

What does Acetyl-CoA positively/allosterically effect?

Answer 30

pyruvate carboxylase

Question 31

Which enzyme moves an L to D (v.v) formation?

Answer 31

racemase

Question 32

Do double bonds add or lose energy on a molecule?

Answer 32

reduces the amount of energy on a molecule

Question 33

How do you get energy transported to organs that cant utilize fats?

Answer 33

ketone bodies

Question 34

What is the name of the unstable ketone body that is sent out of the liver?

Answer 34

Acetoacetate

Question 35

What is the name of the stable ketone body that is sent out of the liver?

Answer 35

beta-hydroxybutyrate

Question 36

How do ketone bodies transfer through the body?

Answer 36

Attaching to albumin

Question 37

How many ATP are produced from palmitoyl CoA?

Answer 37

131

Question 38

Each Acetyl CoA provides how many ATP?

Answer 38

12

Question 39

What is the precursor for cholesterol?

Answer 39

HMG CoA | beta-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA

Question 40

What acetoacetate be spontaneously converted to and cause a negative effect in the body?

Answer 40

acetone

Question 41

Where are ketones made?

Answer 41

in the mitochondria

Question 42

Are ketone bodies soluble or insoluble in an aqueous solution?

Answer 42

soluable

Question 43

What are the 3 kinds of ketone bodies?

Answer 43

acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetone

Question 44

Can the liver use ketone bodies for energy?

Answer 44

no

Question 45

HMG CoA synthase combines what two molecules to produce what molecule?

Answer 45

3rd acetyl CoA to with acetoacetyl CoA to produce HMG CoA?

Question 46

CPT-1 deficiency affects which organ?

Answer 46

liver

Question 47

CPT-2 defficiency affects what part of the body?

Answer 47

cardiac and skeletal muscle

Question 48

What happens to the pH of the blood during ketoacidosis?

Answer 48

pH lowers, becomes acidic