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Biochemistry > Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketogenesis > Flashcards

Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Which Apolipoproteins do LDLs have?

A

apoB

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2
Q

Which Apolipoprotiens do HDLs have?

A

apoA

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3
Q

Which fatty acid molecule configuration is artificially made?

A

trans

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4
Q

Which fatty acid molecule configuration is natural?

A

cis

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5
Q

Which fatty acid has double bonded carbons

A

unsaturated

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6
Q

Are ketone bodies in the muscle an oxidation form of fat?

A

yes

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7
Q

Which molecule activation allows for the transfer of fats from the cytosol to the mitochondria?

A

carnitine

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8
Q

What is the end product of fatty acid degradation?

A

Acetyl CoA

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9
Q

When does fatty acid oxidation occur?

A

high glucagon
low insulin
FASTING

Or high epinephrine

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10
Q

Which enzyme activates the release of fats from the adipose tissue and mobilizes them to be sent to the liver?

A

hormone sensitive lipase

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11
Q

Can RBCs use fatty acids?

A

No (dont have mitochondria)

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12
Q

Can the brain use fatty acids?

A

No (blood brain barrier

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13
Q

During which state is the liver flooded with fatty acids mobilized from the adipose tissue?

A

fasting state

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14
Q

High Acetyl CoA inhibits pyruvate _______ and activates pyruvate _________.

A

inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase

activates pyruvate carboxylase

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15
Q

Why would you want to inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

Doesn’t produce more Acetyl CoA

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16
Q

what synthesizes ketone bodies?

A

Acetyl CoA

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17
Q

can fatty acids go across the mitochondrial membrane?

A

yes, anything below 12 carbons doesnt need assistance from the carnitine shuttle

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18
Q

Which enzyme is used to get a fatty acid across the outer mitochondrial membrane?

A

Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I

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19
Q

Which enzyme is used to get a fatty acid across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II

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20
Q

How does carnitine assist the transport of a fatty acid across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

CoA is replaced by carnitine.
Acyl-carnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix.
CoA goes back on the Acyl and carnitine is returned across the inner mitochondrial membrane

21
Q

What inhibits the carnitine shuttle? which enzyme does it inhibit?

A

High Malanoyl CoA (inhibits CPT-I)

22
Q

Which amino acids synthesize carnitine?

A

lysine and methionine

23
Q

Can carnitine be found in the skeletal muscle of animals?

A

yes

24
Q

Can carnitine be found in the skeletal muscles of humans?

A

no

25
Q

What is formed when you dehydrate Acyl-CoA with the enzyme acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase?

A

trans-enoyl-CoA

26
Q

What is formed from the hydration of the double bond in trans-Enoyl-CoA by enoyl-CoA-hydratase?

A

beta-L-Hydrocyacyl CoA

27
Q

What is formed by the dehydration of beta-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA by beta-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase?

A

Beta-Ketoacyl-CoA

28
Q

What is the cleaving enzyme used to seperate beta-ketoactyl-CoA?

A

beta-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase

29
Q

What is formed form the cleaving enzyme beta-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase?

A

Acyl-CoA
(2 carbons shorter)

AND

Acetyl-CoA

30
Q

What does Acetyl-CoA positively/allosterically effect?

A

pyruvate carboxylase

31
Q

Which enzyme moves an L to D (v.v) formation?

A

racemase

32
Q

Do double bonds add or lose energy on a molecule?

A

reduces the amount of energy on a molecule

33
Q

How do you get energy transported to organs that cant utilize fats?

A

ketone bodies

34
Q

What is the name of the unstable ketone body that is sent out of the liver?

A

Acetoacetate

35
Q

What is the name of the stable ketone body that is sent out of the liver?

A

beta-hydroxybutyrate

36
Q

How do ketone bodies transfer through the body?

A

Attaching to albumin

37
Q

How many ATP are produced from palmitoyl CoA?

A

131

38
Q

Each Acetyl CoA provides how many ATP?

A

12

39
Q

What is the precursor for cholesterol?

A

HMG CoA

beta-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA

40
Q

What acetoacetate be spontaneously converted to and cause a negative effect in the body?

A

acetone

41
Q

Where are ketones made?

A

in the mitochondria

42
Q

Are ketone bodies soluble or insoluble in an aqueous solution?

A

soluable

43
Q

What are the 3 kinds of ketone bodies?

A

acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetone

44
Q

Can the liver use ketone bodies for energy?

A

no

45
Q

HMG CoA synthase combines what two molecules to produce what molecule?

A

3rd acetyl CoA to with acetoacetyl CoA to produce HMG CoA?

46
Q

CPT-1 deficiency affects which organ?

A

liver

47
Q

CPT-2 defficiency affects what part of the body?

A

cardiac and skeletal muscle

48
Q

What happens to the pH of the blood during ketoacidosis?

A

pH lowers, becomes acidic

Biochemistry (11 decks)

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