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Glycogen Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fastest form of stored energy?

A

Glycogen

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2
Q

Where does Glycogen synthesis occur?

A

Liver

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3
Q

90% of glycogen is stored where?

A

muscle

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4
Q

What is a branched-chain homopolysaccharide made from alpha-d-glucose?

A

Glycogen

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5
Q

What is the primary bond type in glycogen?

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

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6
Q

what type of bond forms a glycogen branch?

A

alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond

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7
Q

Which types of enzymes break down glycogen chains?

A

Lysosomal Enzymes

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8
Q

how much does 4 kcals equal to grams of glycogen?

A

1g=4kcals

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9
Q

Which organ is saturated with glycogen during fed states and depleted during fasting states?

A

Liver glycogen

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10
Q

Which glycogen storage is NOT depleted during short fasting states, but may be depleted during long term fasting states?

A

Muscle

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11
Q

When is muscle glycogen depleted in the muscles?

A

strenuous excersise

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12
Q

Which monosaccharide doesn’t use hexokinase?

A

Glactose -> Glucose

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13
Q

What are the 3 enzymes used in glycogen synthesis?

A

Phosphoglucose Mutase
UDP Glucose Phosphorylase
Glycogen Synthase

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14
Q

Glycogen Synthesis 5 steps

A

-Glucose 6 Phosphate

  >Phosphoglucomutase

-Glucose 1 Phosphate

  >UDP-Glucose Phosphorylase

-UDP Glucose

  >Glycogen synthase

-UDP

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15
Q

Which diseases has a glucose-6-phosphatase defect?

Type I

A

Type I- Von-Gierke Disease

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16
Q

Which organ(s) does Von Gierke Disease affect?

A

liver and kidney

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17
Q

Which disease is an alpha-1,4-glycosidase defect?

Type II

A

Type II-Pompe disease

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18
Q

Which organ(s) does Pompe disease affect?

A

All organs

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19
Q

Which disease is an amylo- 1,6- glycosidase defect?

Type III

A

Type III-Cori Disease

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20
Q

Which organ(s) does Cori Disease affect?

A

Muscle and liver

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21
Q

How many grams of glycogen are in your muscle?

A

400g (90%)

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22
Q

How may grams of glycogen are in your liver?

A

100g (10%)

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23
Q

Which disease has a Branching enzyme (glycosyl-4,6-transferase) defect?
(Type IV)

A

Type IV- Andersen Disease

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24
Q

Which organs does Andersen Disease effect?

A

Liver and Spleen

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25
Which disease has a phosphorylase defect? | Type V
Type V- McArdle disease
26
Which organ(s) McArdile disease effect?
Muscles
27
What does Glycogen synthase catalyze?
alpha (1-4) linkage formation toyield alpha-amylose
28
What is the branching enzyme that forms glycogen?
Amylo-(1,4-1,6)-transglycosylase | aka. 4,6-glycosyl transferase
29
How far apart do branches need to be?
4 glycosyl residues apart
30
When creating a glycogen from scratch, what needs to be available to start a chain?
Glycogenin + Tyrosine
31
Which high energy molecule do you use to stabilize the high energy carbon during glycogen synthesis? What do you need to bring this in and what is the product?
UDP PPi
32
Which enzyme is used to remove glycosyl units off a glycogen chain? What does this process form from the cleaved residue?
Phosphorylase converts a glycosyl unit to G1P
33
Which enzyme converts between G1P and G6P?
Phosphoglucomutase
34
What is the debranching enzyme that cleaves the a(1-4) glycosidic bonds?
glycogen phosphorylase
35
what is a limit dextrin?
the last 4 glycosyl units on a branch
36
Where can Glucose 6 Phosphate be converted back into Glucose?
only in the liver
37
which enzyme converts glucose 6 phosphate back into glucose?
glucose 6 phosphatase
38
Which enzyme is the cleaving enzyme?
glycosidase
39
Why is G6P converted back into Glucose?
So the liver can send it through the blood for other tissues
40
Which state does gluconeogenesis occur in?
fasting state
41
Which state does glycogen synthesis occur in?
Well fed state
42
What is the purpose of gluconeogenesis?
Creating new glucose
43
Which organs need a continuous supply of glucose?
Brain, RBCs, eyes, testes, and exercising muscles
44
How long can liver glycogen supply the body?
10-18 hrs
45
In prolonged states of fasting, what else can form glucose? | 4
Amino Acids Lactate Glycerol a-ketoacids
46
What are the 2 enzymes in the malate-asparate shuttle?
``` malate dehydrogenase (oxylacetate to malate) asparate aminotransferase (asparate to oxylacetate) ```
47
What is the process of reversing the pyruvate rate limiting step?
-Pyruvate >pyruvate carboxylase -Oxylacetate >PEPCK -Phosphoenyl Pyruvate
48
What are the three rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis?
Kinase Phosphofructose Kinase Pyruvate Kinase
49
Which enzymes reverse the glycolysis rate limiting steps?
- Pyruvate carboxylase + PEPCK - Fructose Bisphosphatase - Glucose 6 Phosphatase
50
Which enzyme converts pyruvate or oxylacetate? What are the products and substrates?
Pyruvate carboxylase ADP + Pi
51
Which enzyme converts oxylacetate to phosphoenylpyruvate? What are the products and substrates?
PEPCK (phosphoenylpyruvate carboxykinase) GDP + CO2
52
Which enzyme converts Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate to Fructose-6-Phosphate? What are the products and substrates?
Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphatase --->Pi
53
Which enzyme converts Glucose-6-Phosphate to Glucose? What are the products and substrates?
Glucose 6 Phosphatase --->Pi
54
What kind of hormone is glucagon?
Pancreatic islet hormone
55
What is Dehydrogenase one job?
Oxidative Phosphorylation | oxidative-reduction reaction
56
What does glucagon activate when it connects to the phospholipid bilayer during a starvation state?
G-protein series
57
What is adenylate cyclase's one job after it is activated?
take ATP and turn it into cAMP
58
What is the 1st messenger and 2nd messenger?
1) Glucagon | 2) cAMP
59
What is the one job of cAMP?
activate protein kinase A
60
What is Protein Kinase A's one job?
Phosphorylation (add phosphate group)
61
When is the second messenger system inactive?
fasting state-Gluconeogenesis
62
When are we phosphorilating PFK2? | Is is active or inactive?
During Gluconeogenesis/Fasting State Inactive
63
What happens when PFK2 is phosphorylated?
PFK2 becomes inactivated which then activates Fructose Bisphosphatase

Biochemistry (11 decks)

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