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Semester 1 > Lipids 3 > Flashcards

Lipids 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do we get fatty acids?

A

Diet

Synthesis from excess carbohydrates, fat and protein components (acetyl co a)

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2
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?

A

Liver, lactating mammary gland, adipose tissue

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3
Q

What is fatty acid synthesised from ?

A

Acetyl co a

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4
Q

What chemicals are needed for FA synthesis?

A

NADPH and ATP and acetyl co a

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5
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis take place?

A

Cytosol

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6
Q

Where is acetly co a formed?

A

In the mitochondria

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7
Q

How does the acetyl co a pass over the mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol?

A

Via the citrate shuttle, occurs when citrate concentration in the mitochondria is high. Citrate molecule passes over the mitochondrial matrix

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8
Q

Oxaloacetate plus citrate synthase plus acetyl co a =

A

Citrate

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9
Q

Citrate plus citrate lyase =

A

Acetyl co a plus oxaloacetate

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10
Q

Oxaloacetate plus NAD plus malate dehydrogenase=

A

Malate

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11
Q

Malate plus malate enzyme =

A

Pyruvate + NADPH

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12
Q

Pyruvate (crosses membrane) plus pyruvate carboxylase =

A

Oxaloacetate

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13
Q

What enzymes are involved in the synthesis of fatty acids?

A

Acetyl co a carboxylase (activation / regulation)

Fatty acid synthase (multifunctional enzyme)

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14
Q

What is the product of fatty acid synthesis?

A

Palmitic acid

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15
Q

What enzyme is needed for the formation of malonyl co a ?

A

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase, committed step in fatty acid synthesis, c-c bond requires much energy supplied indirectly by synthesising malonyl co a

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16
Q

What is the regulatory enzyme?

A

ACC - Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

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17
Q

How is ACC activated?

A

By citrate, indicates that Glucose levels are high so makes FA

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18
Q

What de-activates ACC?

A

Palmitoyl CoA (when enough fatty acid is made)

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19
Q

Insulin?

A

High levels of plasma insulin cause the dephosphorylation of acetly co a phosphorylase thus promoting the formation of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA, and consequently the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids

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20
Q

Glucagon and epinephrine?

A

Deactivates, glucagon (made in the pancreas) causes the liver to break down glycogen to glucose, therefore is present during low levels of glucose, so no fatty acid synthesis is taking place at this time.
Epinephrine is adrenaline - released into the blood during starvation and exercise cause the phosphorylation of acetyl CoA phosphorylase, inhibiting lipogenesis in favour of fatty acid oxidation via beta-oxidation.

21
Q

What is the overall reaction for palmitate?

A

8 acetyl CoA + 14 NADPH + 14H+ +7ATP -> Palmitate (C16) + 8CoA + 14 NADP+ 7ADP +7Pi + 7H2O

22
Q

During elongation which enzyme is responsible for producing Aceto-Acetyl ACP?

A

Acyl Malonyl ACP

23
Q

What are the three main reactions involved with fatty acid synthesis (opposite to degradation)?

A

Reduction, dehydration reduction

24
Q

What is used instead of NADH and FADH2?

A

NADPH

25
Q

What is the function of Malonyl CoA?

A

Provides 2 carbons to a fatty acid and commits them to fatty acid synthesis, used to produce palmityl ACP. Malonyl-CoA is formed by carboxylating acetyl-CoA using the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase

26
Q

What is the function of the thioesterase?

A

Cleaves palmityl CoA from the ACP molecule

27
Q

What is linked to the ACP (acyl carrier protein)?

A

The intermediates in fatty acid synthesis

28
Q

How does ACP act on the growing chain?

A

Holds it and moves it round all the different enzymes. The pantothenate arm moves the intermediates from one site to the next

29
Q

What is significant about the fatty acid synthase enzymes?

A

They are multifunctional (seven of them)

30
Q

What are the two sources of NADPH?

A

Pentose phosphate produces 6NADPH

Malic enzyme reaction that converts malate to pyruvate 8NADPH

31
Q

Where does further modification of palmitate and dietary fatty acids take place? (Unsaturation, branching and elongation)

A

Mitochondria and ER

32
Q

Can fatty acids be synthesised?

A

No but are required to make other lipids (eicosanoids) fatty acids with 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acids. omega 3 and 6

33
Q

What happens to the fatty acid that is synthesised in the body?

A

Converted into triacyglycerol, which is converted into VLDL which then forms adipose tissue

34
Q

What is the starting material for the synthesis of steroids?

A

Cholesterol

35
Q

How many rings do steroids have?

A

4

36
Q

Where can you find cholesterol in the body?

A

Cell membrane

37
Q

What is cholesterol the precursor for?

A

Bile acids
Vitamin D
Sterol hormones

38
Q

What is cholesterol derived from?

A

Acetyl CoA

39
Q

What is the effect of statins?

A

Stops the body making cholesterol, lowers plasma cholesterol beneficial for preventing heart attacks and strokes. Can raise liver acids and give you muscle cramps. Lower LDL levels

40
Q

What are eicosanoids precursors to?

A

Prostoglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrines

41
Q

What are the functions of eicosanoids?

A

Regulate:

  • Inflammatory response
  • Pain and fever (prostaglandins)
  • Blood clotting induction (thromboxane)
  • Leukotrines
42
Q

What does aspirin stop the synthesis of?

A

Prostoglandines, often associated with pain

43
Q

What are thromboxanes associated with?

A

The clotting of blood

44
Q

What are leukotrines responsible for?

A

The closing up of airways in the lung in asthma, leukotrine antagonists used to help with asthma

45
Q

What might the prostoglandin anologue be used for?

A

Labour induction

46
Q

COX is an enzyme for?

A

Production of prostoglandins

47
Q

Why does aspirin have an anti-inflammatory and fever reducing property due to?

A

COX 1 enzyme and prostoglandin synthesis

48
Q

What else does aspirin inhibit?

A

Thromboxanes

Semester 1 (115 decks)

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