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Semester 1 > Muscles and Nerves COPY > Flashcards

Muscles and Nerves COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscles that attach both to the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A

Appendicular muscles

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2
Q

How does muscle attach to bone?

A

Muscle attaches to bone by a tendon

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3
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

The origin of a muscle is the proximal/supperior/medial attachment

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4
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle?

A

The insertion of a muscle is the distal/inferior/lateral attachment

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5
Q

At the bone, where are the fibres of a tendon embedded?

A

The fibres of a tendon at a bone are embedded within the periosteum

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6
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

An aponeurosis is the flat, thin and broad tendons of the abdominal oblique muscles

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7
Q

What happens when triceps contract?

A

When triceps contract they pull the elbow back (extends the joint)

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8
Q

What are diaphagm skeletal muscles?

A

Diaphagm skeletal muscles are ones which attach bones from either side of the midline of the sagittal plane

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the diaphragm?

A

The purpose of the diaphragm is to increase volume of the tharacic cavity during inspiration, descending on contraction and ascending on relaxation

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10
Q

What happens when the muscle fibres of the central tendon contract?

A

When the muscle fibres of the central tendon contracts the dome descends

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11
Q

What direction does the dome move on contraction?

A

The dome moves inferior on contraction

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12
Q

Why can muscles such as the deltoid perform many movements on the joint?

A

They have many fibres (anterior, middle and posterior) that can pull the shoulder joint in different directions

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13
Q

What is an antagonistic pair?

A

Antagonistic pairs are muscles that combine in an antagonistic way to carry out a particular action on a joint

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14
Q

What muscles are responsible for the arm flexing?

A

Anterior arm and forearm muscles are responsible for the arm flexing

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15
Q

What groups of muscles relax as you flex your elbow?

A

Posterior muscles relax as you flex your elbow

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16
Q

What is the agonist muscle?

A

The agonist muscle is the one that produces the motion

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17
Q

What is the antagonist muscle?

A

The antagonist muscle is the one that opposes the action

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18
Q

What is a synergist?

A

A synergist assists the agonist by helping to perform the same set of joint movement

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19
Q

What is an example of stabalising muscles?

A

An example of stabalising muscles are the rotaror cuff muscles around the shoulder, they reduce the risk of dislocation

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20
Q

What does muscle testing allow?

A

Muscle testing allows the diagnosis of both muscle and nerve injuries by assesing the power of movement

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21
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

Muscle atrophy is the wasting of muscle tissue

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22
Q

What is an example of a muscle that crosses two joints and performs a different movement on each?

A

The hamstring is an example of a muscle that crosses two joints and performs a different movement on each

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23
Q

What can muscles be compartmentalised by?

A

Muscles can be compartmentalised by:

  1. Deep fiscial intermuscular septa which seperates them into compartments
  2. Common nerves supplying all the muscles in a compartment
  3. Common actions of the muscles in a compartment
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24
Q

What is A?

A

Intermuscular septum

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25
Q

What is B?

A

Skin

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26
Q

What is C?

A

Deep fascia

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27
Q

What is D?

A

Superficial fascia

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28
Q

What is E?

A

Intermuscular septum

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29
Q

What is F?

A

Posterior compartment

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30
Q

What is G?

A

Humerus

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31
Q

What is H?

A

Anterior compartment

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32
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A ligament joins a bone to an adjacent bone

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33
Q

Which of A and B is a ligament and tendon?

A

A is a ligament

B is a tendon

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34
Q

What is a plexus?

A

A plexus is a nerve network

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35
Q

What plexus are all arm and forearm compartments supplied by?

A

The brachial plexus supplies all arm and forearm comparments

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36
Q

What plexus are all thigh and leg muscles supplied by?

A

The lumbosacral plexus supplies all thigh and leg muscle compartments

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37
Q

What spinal roots supply the brachial plexus?

A

C5 - T1 supplies the brachial plexus

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38
Q

What spinal roots supply the lumbosacral plexus?

A

L1 - S4 supplys the lumbosacral plexus

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39
Q

What are muscles named according to?

A

Muscles are named according to:

  1. Direction of muscle fibres
  2. Location
  3. Size
  4. Number of origins
  5. Shape
  6. Action
  7. Attachments
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40
Q

What effect does muscles being at 90o to each other, such as the oblique muscles, have?

A

Being 90o to each other increases both strength and integrity

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41
Q

What is the name given to tendons that are flat and thin?

A

Aponeurosis tendons are ones which are flat and thin

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42
Q

What does ‘rectus’ mean?

A

Rectus means straight

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43
Q

What does ‘teres’ mean?

A

Teres means round

44
Q

How are muscles arranged in a sphincter?

A

Muscles are arranged circularly and thickened around the wall of a structure in a sphincter

45
Q

What are axial muscles innervated by?

A

Axial muscles are innervated by non-limb nerve plexus or segmentally (individual spinal cord nerves that do not network with others)

46
Q

What imaging technique is the best for showing muscle?

A

MRI is the best for showing muscle

47
Q

What is A?

A

Air filled space

48
Q
A
49
Q

What is B?

A

Bone

50
Q

What is C?

A

Blood vessel

51
Q

What is D?

A

Muscle

52
Q

What kind of muscle is this?

A

Cardiac muscle

53
Q

What kind of muscle is this?

A

Skeletal muscle

54
Q

What kind of muscle is this?

A

Smooth muscle

55
Q

What are properties of skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal muscle is:

Striated

Straight muscle fibres

Multinucleate

56
Q

What are properties of cardiac muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle is:

Striated

Branched

Mononucleate

Intercalated disks

57
Q

What are properties of smooth muscles?

A

Smooth muscles are:

Monomucleate

Not striated

58
Q

What is the motor unit composed of?

A

The motor unit is composed of neurons and muscle fibres integrated together

59
Q

What is the end of the nerves in a motor unit called?

A

The end of the nerves in a motor unit is called the motor end plate

60
Q

Where do somatic sensory nerves emerge from the spinal cord from?

A

Somatic nerves emerge from the dorsal (posterior) nerve root

61
Q

Where do somatic motor nerves emerge from the spinal cord from?

A

Somatic motor nerves emerge from ventral (anterior) nerve root

62
Q

Where do motor and sensory nerves join after travelling through the dorsal and ventral nerve roots?

A

They join in the intervertebral foramen to form a mixed spinal nerve

63
Q

How does the mixed spinal nerve branch after leaving the intervertebral foramen?

A

Branches into the dorsal and ventral ramus

64
Q

What does the ventral ramus supply?

A

The ventral ramus supplies:

Skin

Muscles and bones of the anterolateral sides of the trunk

Upper and lower limbs

65
Q

What does the dorsal ramus supply?

A

The dorsal ramus supplies the posterior side of the trunk

(aka the back)

66
Q

What kinds of nerves are in the ventral and dorsal ramus?

A

Both sensory and motor nerves are in the ventral and dorsal ramus

67
Q

Which horn, of the dorsal and ventral, is wider?

A

The dorsal horn is wider

68
Q

What is A?

A

Dorsal horns

69
Q

What is B?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

70
Q

What is C?

A

Sensory neuron

71
Q

What is D?

A

Dorsal root

72
Q

What is E?

A

Spinal nerve (mixed)

73
Q

What is F?

A

Sensory receptors at back

74
Q

What is G?

A

Skeletal muscles at back

75
Q

What is H?

A

Dorsal ramus (mixed)

76
Q

What is I?

A

Ventral ramus (mixed)

77
Q

What is J?

A

Sensory receptors of limbs and trunk

78
Q

What is K?

A

Skeletal muscles of limbs and trunk

79
Q

That is L?

A

Ventral root

80
Q

What is M?

A

Ventral horn motor neurons

81
Q

What is N?

A

Ventral horns

82
Q

What does the dorsal ramus do at each spinal (segmental) level?

A

At each spinal level the dorsal ramus segmentally innvervates the main muscle of the back (erector spinae muscle) and the skin overlaying it with sensory and motor fibres

83
Q

How does the ventral ramus innvervate muscles?

A

The ventral ramus passes laterally and then anteriorly to segmentally innervate the muscles of the anterolateral tharacic and abdominal walls, and the skin overlaying the muscles

84
Q

What are the ventral rami that supply the muscles between the ribs known as?

A

The ventral rami supplys muscles that supplys the muscles between the ribs (intercostal muscles) are known as intercostal nerves

85
Q

Where does each intercostal rami lie?

A

Each intercostal nerve lies below the rib of the same number, ie, intercostal nerve 7 lies below rib 7 (intercostal space 7)

86
Q

How many intercostal nerves are there?

A

There are 12 ribs so there are 12 intercostal nerves

87
Q

What do the lower intercostal nerves also supply (T7 - T12)?

A

The lower intercostal nerves also supply the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

88
Q

What is a cutaneous nerve?

A

A cutaneous nerve is a branch of the brachial plexus that supplies the skin overplaying the muscle, containing fibres from various spinal levels

89
Q

What are dermatones?

A

Dermatones are innervated by nerves from a single spinal level

The joined up strip of skin supplied by fibres coming from only one single spinal nerve

90
Q

What joint occurs in the midline of the trunk at dermatome T2?

A

The sterno is at T2

91
Q

What surface feature of the body is found at dermatome T4?

A

The nipples are found at dermatome T4

92
Q

What surface feature of the body is found at dermatome T10?

A

The belly button is found at dermatome T10

93
Q

In what region of the body is dermatome L1 found?

A

Dermatome L1 is found in the inguinal region

94
Q

What do dermatomes C5 - T1 supply?

A

Dermatomes C5 - T1 supplies the upper limbs

95
Q

What are the layers surrounding the myeline sheath?

A

Myeline sheath is surrounded by endoneurium, forming fascicles (bundles of fibres) surrounded by perineurium, forming fascicles surrounded by epineurium

96
Q

What is A?

A

Spinal nerve

97
Q

What is B?

A

Epineurium

98
Q

What is C?

A

Axon

99
Q

What is D?

A

Fasciculus

100
Q

What is E?

A

Perineurium

101
Q

What is F?

A

Endoneurium

102
Q

What is G?

A

Blood vessels

103
Q

What surrounds individual axons?

A

Endoneurium and a dissolved myelin sheath surrounds individual axons

104
Q

What surrounds nerve fascicles?

A

Blood vessels and perineurium surrounds nerve fascicles

105
Q

What surrounds a nerve?

A

Epineurium surrounds a nerve

106
Q

What is the function of the aponeurosis?

A

Join muscles and the body parts that they act on

Transfer force and absorb energy

Semester 1 (115 decks)

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