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Semester 1 > Back, Lymphatics and Nerves COPY > Flashcards

Back, Lymphatics and Nerves COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What is A?

A

Lamina

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2
Q

What is B?

A

Transverse process

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3
Q

What is C?

A

Pedicle

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4
Q

What is D?

A

Body

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5
Q

What is E?

A

Vertebral column

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6
Q

What is F?

A

Superior facet

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7
Q

What is G?

A

Spinous process

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8
Q

What is A?

A

Vertebral notch

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9
Q

What is the most anterior and posterior structures?

A

Anterior is D (body)

Posterior is G (spinous process)

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10
Q

What is found inside the intervertebral foramen (vertebral canal, E)?

A

Spinal cord

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11
Q

What joint occurs between the adjacent bodies of vertebrae (D)?

A

Secondary cartilaginous

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12
Q

What joint is found between the articular facet of adjacent vertebrae?

A

Synovial plane

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13
Q

Where does a vertebrae articulate onto a rib?

A

Tubercle

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14
Q

Where to adjacent vertebrae articulate?

A

Body and facets

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15
Q

What are the different kinds of vertebrae of the spinal column?

A

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

Coccygael

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16
Q

How many of each vertebrae are there?

A

7 cervical

12 tharacic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygael

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17
Q

What is the name of C1?

A

Atlas

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18
Q

What is the name of C2?

A

Axis

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19
Q

What is the name of C7?

A

Prominant vertebrae

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20
Q

What is the atlas and axis?

A

First and second vertebrae (C1 and C2)

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21
Q

What distinguishes cervical vertebrae from the rest?

A

Transverse foramen present

Smallest

Bifid spinous process

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22
Q

What distunguishes thoracic vertebrae from the rest?

A

Long sharp, spinous process

Body is heart shaped

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23
Q

What distinguishes lumbar vertebrae from the rest?

A

Largest body

Big, blunt spinous process

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24
Q

What is A?

A

Intervertebral disk

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25
Q

What is B?

A

Articular facet

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26
Q

What joints do articulating vertebral disks form?

A

Secondary cartiliginous

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27
Q

What joints do superior and inferior facets form?

A

Synovial plane

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28
Q

What is the intervertebral disk composed of?

A

Analus fibrosis

Nucleus puposis

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29
Q

What is A?

A

Dura mater

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30
Q

What is B?

A

Analus fibrosis

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31
Q

What is C?

A

Nucleus puposis

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32
Q

What is D?

A

Spinal cord

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33
Q

What does this diagram show?

A

Intervertebral disk

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34
Q

What kind of cartilage is found inside the intervertebral disk?

A

Hyeline and fibrocartilage (secondary cartiliginous)

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35
Q

What is ‘slipped disk’?

A

Nucleus puplosis protrudes (herniate) through the annalus fibrosis

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36
Q

What does a herniates disk result in?

A

Compressed nerves

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37
Q

Which direction would the nucleus pulposis have to protrude to compress a spinal nerve?

A

Anterolateral/anteromedial

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38
Q

What are some of the ligaments present in the vertebral column?

A

Ligamentum flavum

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Supraspinous ligament

Interspinous ligaments

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39
Q

What does the ligamentum flavin connect?

A

Lamina

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40
Q

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament connect?

A

Bodies

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41
Q

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament connect?

A

Bodies

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42
Q

What does the supraspinous ligament connect?

A

Spinous process

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43
Q

What does the interspinous ligament connect?

A

Adjacent spinous processes

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44
Q

What connects adjacent spinous processes?

A

Interspinous ligaments

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45
Q

What connects spinous processes?

A

Supraspinous ligaments

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46
Q

What connects bodies?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Posterior longitudinal ligament

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47
Q

What connects lamina?

A

Ligamentum flavum

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48
Q

What is A?

A

Supraspinous ligament

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49
Q

What is B?

A

Transverse process

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50
Q

What is C?

A

Sectioned spinous process

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51
Q

What is D?

A

Ligamentum flavum

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52
Q

What is E?

A

Interspinous ligament

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53
Q

What is F?

A

Inferior articular process

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54
Q

What is G?

A

Sectioned body of vertebrae

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55
Q

What is H?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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56
Q

What is I?

A

Analus fibrosus

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57
Q

What is J?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

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58
Q

What is K?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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59
Q

What is L?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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60
Q

What is M?

A

Intervertebral disk

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61
Q

How many curvatures of the spine are there?

A

4

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62
Q

Which of the curvatures of the spine are secondary?

A

1 and 3

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63
Q

What is the primary curvature of the spine?

A

The curves present from being a feotus (2 and 4)

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64
Q

What developmental changes occur in the neonate to produce the secondary spinal curvatures?

A

Cervical curvature from babies head looking up

Thoracic curvature for crawling

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65
Q

What is A?

A

Normal

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66
Q

What is B?

A

Lordosis

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67
Q

What is C?

A

Kyphosis

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68
Q

What is D?

A

Scoliosis

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69
Q

What is the type of movement at each vertebral column dependant of?

A

Orientation of the vertebral articular facets in that region of the column

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70
Q

In what plane is movement permitted in cervical vertebrae?

A

Transverse plane

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71
Q

In what plane is movement permitted in thoracic vertebrae?

A

Coronal

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72
Q

In what plane is movement permitted in lumbar vertebrae?

A

Sagittal

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73
Q

What is the main movement permitted in the cervical region?

A

Flexion/extension

Lateral flexion/rotation

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74
Q

What is the main movement permitted in the thoracic region?

A

Lateral flexion/rotation

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75
Q

What is the main movement permitted in the lumbar region?

A

Flexion/extension

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76
Q

What do the posterior vertebral muscles do to the spine?

A

Extend

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77
Q

What do the anterior vertebral muscles do to the spine?

A

Flex

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78
Q

What is bilaterally?

A

Muscles on both the left and right side contract together

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79
Q

What is unilaterally?

A

Muscles on one side contracts but not the other

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80
Q

What happens to the spine when muscles act unilaterally?

A

Rotation and lateral flexion

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81
Q

What is the posterior muscle that acts on the spine?

A

Erector spinae

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82
Q

What are the anterior muscles that act on the spine?

A

Obliques

Transverse abdominis

Rectus abdominis

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83
Q

What is A?

A

Obliques

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84
Q

What is B?

A

Transverse abdominis

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85
Q

What is C?

A

Rectus abdominis

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86
Q

What is A?

A

Erector spinae

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87
Q

What does trunk flexors and extendors contrasting simutaneously do?

A

Increase intra-abdominal pressure

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88
Q

What are 3 body functions that are facilitated by trunk flexors and extendors acting simutaneously, increasing intra-abdominal pressure?

A

Sneezing

Deficating

Vomiting

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89
Q

What are some surface anatomy of the back?

A

Vertebra prominens (at C7)

Spine of scapula (at T3)

Lateral margin of acromin

Greater tubercle of humerus

Inferior angle of scapula (at T7)

Summit of iliac crest (at L4)

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90
Q

What vertebrae is the vertebra prominens found at?

A

C7

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91
Q

What vertebrae is the spine of scapula found at?

A

T3

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92
Q

What vertebrae is the inferior angle of scapula found at?

A

T7

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93
Q

What vertebrae is the summit of iliac crest found at?

A

L4

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94
Q

What is L4 also known as?

A

Intercostal plane

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95
Q

What is A?

A

Spine of scapula

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96
Q

What is B?

A

Lateral margin of acromion

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97
Q

What is C?

A

Greater tubercle of humerus

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98
Q

What is D?

A

Inferior angle of scapula

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99
Q

What is E?

A

Summit of iliac crest

100
Q

What is F?

A

Vertebra prominens

101
Q

How does the orientation of the spinous process and interspinous distance differ between thoracic and lumbar spinal regions?

A

Lumbar has larger gaps sinces the processes are horizontal to each other whereas in thoracic they are angled downwards, so have a smaller gap

102
Q

What is A?

A

Vertebrae

103
Q

What is B?

A

Spinal cord

104
Q

What is C?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

105
Q

What is D?

A

Skin

106
Q

What is performed to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Lumbar puncture

107
Q

Where is the needle for a lumbar puncture inserted in an adult?

A

Between L3 and L4

108
Q

Where is the needle inserted for a lumbar puncture for a child?

A

Between L4 and L5

109
Q

Why is a needle inserted between L3 and L4 to obtain a cerebrospinal fluid sample?

A

Won’t hit spinal cord

Large gaps between vertebrae

110
Q

Why do patients flex their spine during a lumbar puncture?

A

Increases space between the spinous processes

111
Q

In what region is this cross section?

A

Cervical

112
Q

In what region is this cross section?

A

Thoracic

113
Q

In what region is this cross section?

A

Lumbar

114
Q

What is A?

A

Intervertebral disk

115
Q

What is B?

A

Facet

116
Q

What is C?

A

Spinous process

117
Q

What region is this CT of and how do you know?

A

Cervical

Transverse foramen

118
Q

What region is this CT of and how do you know?

A

Thoracic

Ribs are attached

119
Q

What region is this CT of and how do you know?

A

Lumbar

Big vertebral body

120
Q

What are MRIs useful for?

A

Soft tissues such as muscles and nerves

121
Q

What are CTs useful for?

A

Bony structures

122
Q

What is A?

A

Spinal cord

123
Q

What is B?

A

Intervertebral disk

124
Q

What is C?

A

Spinous process

125
Q

What is D?

A

Herniated ‘slipped’ disk

126
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate in adults?

A

L1/L2

127
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate in children?

A

L3

128
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

A

Return lymph to circulation

129
Q

What are some major groups of lymph nodes and their location?

A

Axillary (in axilla)

Superficial and deep inguinal (inguinal region)

Pectoral (around the pectoralis major muscle)

Tracheobronchial (at bifurcation of trachea)

Lumbar and pelvic (around root of arteries in abdomen and pelvis)

Superficial and deep cervical (neck)

130
Q

What is A?

A

Incoming lymph vessel

131
Q

What is B?

A

Paracortex

132
Q

What is C?

A

Cortex

133
Q

What is D?

A

Outgoing lymph vessel

134
Q

What is E?

A

Artery

135
Q

What is F?

A

Vein

136
Q

What is G?

A

Medulla

137
Q

What is H?

A

Follicle

138
Q

What is I?

A

Germinal centre

139
Q

What is A?

A

Capsule

140
Q

What is B?

A

Cortex

141
Q

What is C?

A

Deep cortex

142
Q

What is D?

A

Medulla

143
Q

What is LN?

A

Lymphatic node

144
Q

What is T?

A

Trabecula

145
Q

What is the main type of cell found in a lymph node?

A

Leukocyte (white blood cell)

146
Q

What is the function of a lymph node?

A

Filter lymph and immune system

147
Q

What process occurs inside a lymphatic nodule?

A

Differentiation of B cells into plasma cells

148
Q

What is meant by the term sentinel node?

A

First few nodes into which a tumour drains

149
Q

What is after the major lymph nodes?

A

Lymphatic ducts

150
Q

What are the 2 lymphatic ducts?

A

Thoracic duct

Right lymphatic duct

151
Q

What is A?

A

Azygos vein

152
Q

What is B?

A

Thoracic aorta

153
Q

What does area A drain into?

A

Right lymphatic duct

154
Q

What does area B drain into?

A

Thoracic duct

155
Q

What is A?

A

Cisterna chyli

156
Q

What is B?

A

Thoracic duct

157
Q

What is C?

A

Subclavian vein

158
Q

Where does the thoracic duct commence?

A

L1 as the cisterna chyli

159
Q

What does the thoracic duct commence at L1 as?

A

Cisterna chyli

160
Q

Where does the thoracic duct lie?

A

On the posterior thoracic wall between the azygos vein and the descending aorta

161
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

Medial end of the left subclavian vein

162
Q

Where does the thoracic duct cross the vertebral column to the left side?

A

T4

163
Q

What does the spinal cord from at its distal end?

A

Conus medullaris

164
Q

What does the spinal cord terminate as?

A

Filum terminale

165
Q

What does the spinal cord show at its proximal and distal ends and why?

A

Enlargment due to the grey matter necessary to supply the limbs

166
Q

What spinal nerves form the cauda equina?

A

L2-Cc1

167
Q

From which spinal cord structure does the cauda equina emerge?

A

Conus medullaris

168
Q

What is the function of the filum terminale?

A

Longitudinal support to spinal cord

169
Q

What region of the spinal cord is most often injured?

A

Thoracic due to the canal being small

170
Q

What makes up the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

Cell body

171
Q

What makes up the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Axon (myelinated)

172
Q

What is A?

A

Posterior (dorsal) horn

173
Q

What is B?

A

Lateral horn

174
Q

What is C?

A

Anterior (ventral) horn

175
Q

What is D?

A

Anterior (ventral) columns

176
Q

What is E?

A

Central canal

177
Q

What is F?

A

Lateral columns

178
Q

What is G?

A

Posterior (dorsal columns)

179
Q

Where is the white matter and the grey matter?

A

Grey matter on the inside and white on the outside

180
Q

What nerve impulses are associated with the anterior horn cells?

A

Motor

181
Q

What nerve impulses are associated with the posterior horn cells?

A

Sensory

182
Q

What nerve impulses are associated with the lateral horn cells?

A

Autonomic

183
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

184
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A

Protect the CNS

185
Q

What is A?

A

Spinal cord

186
Q

What is B?

A

Dorsal root

187
Q

What is C?

A

Denticulate ligament

188
Q

What is D?

A

Pia mater

189
Q

What is E?

A

Dura mater

190
Q

What is F?

A

Arachnoid

191
Q

Where does the dura mater descent to?

A

S3

192
Q

Where does the arachnoid mater descend?

A

S3

193
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

A

Between the pia mater and arachnoid mater

194
Q

What is in the subanarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

195
Q

Where is the spinal epidural space found?

A

Between the dura mater and the periosteum covering the vertebral bodies

196
Q

Where is the subdural space found?

A

Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

197
Q

What supplies the spinal cord with blood?

A

Aorta and its branches

198
Q

What drains the blood from the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral venous plexus

199
Q

Where is the vertebral venous plexus found?

A

Epidural space (in the fatty tissue between the dura mater and the vertebrae)

200
Q

What do the veins of the vertebral venous plexus not have?

A

Valves

201
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

202
Q

What do the autonomic fibres of the spinal nerve supply?

A

Organs, involuntary movement and glands

203
Q

What do the somatic fibres of the spinal nerve supply?

A

Voluntary muscles and skeletal structures

204
Q

Where are the lateral horns located between?

A

T1-L2

205
Q

What is A?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

206
Q

What is B?

A

Dorsal ramus

207
Q

What is C?

A

Ventral ramus

208
Q

What is D?

A

Anterior root

209
Q

What is E?

A

Anterior horn

210
Q

What is F?

A

Lateral horn

211
Q

What is G?

A

Posterior horn

212
Q

What is H?

A

Posterior root

213
Q

Where do the somatic nerves originate in the spinal cord?

A

Anterior/posterior horns

214
Q

Where do the autonomic nerves originiate in the spinal cord?

A

Lateral horns

215
Q

Which of somatic and autonomic nerves stop at a ganglia before the target?

A

Autonomic

216
Q

From what spinal levels do somatic nerves arise from?

A

C1 - Cc1

217
Q

From what spinal levels do sympathetic nerves arise from?

A

T1 - L2/3

218
Q

What is A?

A

Dorsal root

219
Q

What is B?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

220
Q

What is C?

A

Sympathetic chain

221
Q

What is D?

A

Spinal nerve

222
Q

What is E?

A

Grey ramus

223
Q

What is F?

A

White ramus

224
Q

What is G?

A

To effector

225
Q

What is H?

A

Ventral root

226
Q

Does the grey or white ramus come first?

A

White ramus (F)

227
Q

What nerves supplies abdominal organs?

A

Splanchnic nerves

228
Q

What is A (supplying abdominal organs)?

A

Splanchnic nerve

229
Q

What are the sympathetic chains also refered to as?

A

Prevertebral ganglia

230
Q

How do sympathic nerves get to structures outwidth where they emerge from (T1-L2)?

A

Use the sympathetic chain

231
Q

Where does the sympathetic chain extend from and to?

A

C1 - between S5 and Cc1

232
Q

What do white ramus carry?

A

Sympathetic fibres from the spinal nerve to the sympathetic ganglia

233
Q

What do grey ramus carry?

A

Sympathetic fibres from the sympathetic ganglion back to the ventral ramus of the spinal nerve

234
Q

Which of white and grey ramus is more myelinated?

A

White ramus

235
Q

Where do the 3 thoracic splanchnic nerves range from?

A

T6 - T12

236
Q

What are the 3 thoracic splanchnic nerves?

A

Coeliac

Superior

Inferior mesenteric

237
Q

Where are the thoracic splanchnic nerves visible?

A

Emerge from thoracic sympathetic chain, going to the diaphragm and entering the abdomen

238
Q

Where are parasympathetic nerves found?

A

Cranial III, VII, IX and X

S2 - S4

239
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves arise and emerge?

A

Arise in the conus medullaris, descending in the cauda equina and emerging between S2 and S4

240
Q

What are autonomic nerve plexuses and how are they named?

A

Extends along major arteries, being named for its underlying artery

241
Q

What are the large autonomic nerve plexuses?

A

Cardiac

Pulmonary

Coeliac

Superior hypgastric

Inferior hypogastric (pelvic)

242
Q

What are the pelvic splanchnic nerves and where do they originate?

A

Parasympathetic

Originate in S2 - S4

243
Q

What do pelvic parasympathetic splanchnic nerves run through?

A

Pelvic plexus and travel to their target organs

244
Q

What is the pelvic plexus an example of?

A

Mixed autonomic plexus (both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres)

245
Q

How many cervical vertebrae and nerves are there?

A

7 vertebrae

8 nerves

246
Q

Why is there 8 cervical nerves but 7 vertebrae?

A

First 7 spinal nerves emerge above vertebrae they are named after, the rest emerge below

Semester 1 (115 decks)

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