Back, Lymphatics and Nerves COPY Flashcards
1
Q
What is A?
A
Lamina
2
Q
What is B?
A
Transverse process
3
Q
What is C?
A
Pedicle
4
Q
What is D?
A
Body
5
Q
What is E?
A
Vertebral column
6
Q
What is F?
A
Superior facet
7
Q
What is G?
A
Spinous process
8
Q
What is A?
A
Vertebral notch
9
Q
What is the most anterior and posterior structures?
A
Anterior is D (body)
Posterior is G (spinous process)
10
Q
What is found inside the intervertebral foramen (vertebral canal, E)?
A
Spinal cord
11
Q
What joint occurs between the adjacent bodies of vertebrae (D)?
A
Secondary cartilaginous
12
Q
What joint is found between the articular facet of adjacent vertebrae?
A
Synovial plane
13
Q
Where does a vertebrae articulate onto a rib?
A
Tubercle
14
Q
Where to adjacent vertebrae articulate?
A
Body and facets
15
Q
What are the different kinds of vertebrae of the spinal column?
A
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygael
16
Q
How many of each vertebrae are there?
A
7 cervical
12 tharacic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygael
17
Q
What is the name of C1?
A
Atlas
18
Q
What is the name of C2?
A
Axis
19
Q
What is the name of C7?
A
Prominant vertebrae
20
Q
What is the atlas and axis?
A
First and second vertebrae (C1 and C2)
21
Q
What distinguishes cervical vertebrae from the rest?
A
Transverse foramen present
Smallest
Bifid spinous process
22
Q
What distunguishes thoracic vertebrae from the rest?
A
Long sharp, spinous process
Body is heart shaped
23
Q
What distinguishes lumbar vertebrae from the rest?
A
Largest body
Big, blunt spinous process
24
Q
What is A?
A
Intervertebral disk
25
What is B?
Articular facet
26
What joints do articulating vertebral disks form?
Secondary cartiliginous
27
What joints do superior and inferior facets form?
Synovial plane
28
What is the intervertebral disk composed of?
Analus fibrosis
Nucleus puposis
29
What is A?
Dura mater
30
What is B?
Analus fibrosis
31
What is C?
Nucleus puposis
32
What is D?
Spinal cord
33
What does this diagram show?
Intervertebral disk
34
What kind of cartilage is found inside the intervertebral disk?
Hyeline and fibrocartilage (secondary cartiliginous)
35
What is 'slipped disk'?
Nucleus puplosis protrudes (herniate) through the annalus fibrosis
36
What does a herniates disk result in?
Compressed nerves
37
Which direction would the nucleus pulposis have to protrude to compress a spinal nerve?
Anterolateral/anteromedial
38
What are some of the ligaments present in the vertebral column?
Ligamentum flavum
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligaments
39
What does the ligamentum flavin connect?
Lamina
40
What does the anterior longitudinal ligament connect?
Bodies
41
What does the posterior longitudinal ligament connect?
Bodies
42
What does the supraspinous ligament connect?
Spinous process
43
What does the interspinous ligament connect?
Adjacent spinous processes
44
What connects adjacent spinous processes?
Interspinous ligaments
45
What connects spinous processes?
Supraspinous ligaments
46
What connects bodies?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
47
What connects lamina?
Ligamentum flavum
48
What is A?
Supraspinous ligament
49
What is B?
Transverse process
50
What is C?
Sectioned spinous process
51
What is D?
Ligamentum flavum
52
What is E?
Interspinous ligament
53
What is F?
Inferior articular process
54
What is G?
Sectioned body of vertebrae
55
What is H?
Nucleus pulposus
56
What is I?
Analus fibrosus
57
What is J?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
58
What is K?
Intervertebral foramen
59
What is L?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
60
What is M?
Intervertebral disk
61
How many curvatures of the spine are there?
4
62
Which of the curvatures of the spine are secondary?
1 and 3
63
What is the primary curvature of the spine?
The curves present from being a feotus (2 and 4)
64
What developmental changes occur in the neonate to produce the secondary spinal curvatures?
Cervical curvature from babies head looking up
Thoracic curvature for crawling
65
What is A?
Normal
66
What is B?
Lordosis
67
What is C?
Kyphosis
68
What is D?
Scoliosis
69
What is the type of movement at each vertebral column dependant of?
Orientation of the vertebral articular facets in that region of the column
70
In what plane is movement permitted in cervical vertebrae?
Transverse plane
71
In what plane is movement permitted in thoracic vertebrae?
Coronal
72
In what plane is movement permitted in lumbar vertebrae?
Sagittal
73
What is the main movement permitted in the cervical region?
Flexion/extension
Lateral flexion/rotation
74
What is the main movement permitted in the thoracic region?
Lateral flexion/rotation
75
What is the main movement permitted in the lumbar region?
Flexion/extension
76
What do the posterior vertebral muscles do to the spine?
Extend
77
What do the anterior vertebral muscles do to the spine?
Flex
78
What is bilaterally?
Muscles on both the left and right side contract together
79
What is unilaterally?
Muscles on one side contracts but not the other
80
What happens to the spine when muscles act unilaterally?
Rotation and lateral flexion
81
What is the posterior muscle that acts on the spine?
Erector spinae
82
What are the anterior muscles that act on the spine?
Obliques
Transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominis
83
What is A?
Obliques
84
What is B?
Transverse abdominis
85
What is C?
Rectus abdominis
86
What is A?
Erector spinae
87
What does trunk flexors and extendors contrasting simutaneously do?
Increase intra-abdominal pressure
88
What are 3 body functions that are facilitated by trunk flexors and extendors acting simutaneously, increasing intra-abdominal pressure?
Sneezing
Deficating
Vomiting
89
What are some surface anatomy of the back?
Vertebra prominens (at C7)
Spine of scapula (at T3)
Lateral margin of acromin
Greater tubercle of humerus
Inferior angle of scapula (at T7)
Summit of iliac crest (at L4)
90
What vertebrae is the vertebra prominens found at?
C7
91
What vertebrae is the spine of scapula found at?
T3
92
What vertebrae is the inferior angle of scapula found at?
T7
93
What vertebrae is the summit of iliac crest found at?
L4
94
What is L4 also known as?
Intercostal plane
95
What is A?
Spine of scapula
96
What is B?
Lateral margin of acromion
97
What is C?
Greater tubercle of humerus
98
What is D?
Inferior angle of scapula
99
What is E?
Summit of iliac crest
100
What is F?
Vertebra prominens
101
How does the orientation of the spinous process and interspinous distance differ between thoracic and lumbar spinal regions?
Lumbar has larger gaps sinces the processes are horizontal to each other whereas in thoracic they are angled downwards, so have a smaller gap
102
What is A?
Vertebrae
103
What is B?
Spinal cord
104
What is C?
Cerebrospinal fluid
105
What is D?
Skin
106
What is performed to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid?
Lumbar puncture
107
Where is the needle for a lumbar puncture inserted in an adult?
Between L3 and L4
108
Where is the needle inserted for a lumbar puncture for a child?
Between L4 and L5
109
Why is a needle inserted between L3 and L4 to obtain a cerebrospinal fluid sample?
Won't hit spinal cord
Large gaps between vertebrae
110
Why do patients flex their spine during a lumbar puncture?
Increases space between the spinous processes
111
In what region is this cross section?
Cervical
112
In what region is this cross section?
Thoracic
113
In what region is this cross section?
Lumbar
114
What is A?
Intervertebral disk
115
What is B?
Facet
116
What is C?
Spinous process
117
What region is this CT of and how do you know?
Cervical
Transverse foramen
118
What region is this CT of and how do you know?
Thoracic
Ribs are attached
119
What region is this CT of and how do you know?
Lumbar
Big vertebral body
120
What are MRIs useful for?
Soft tissues such as muscles and nerves
121
What are CTs useful for?
Bony structures
122
What is A?
Spinal cord
123
What is B?
Intervertebral disk
124
What is C?
Spinous process
125
What is D?
Herniated 'slipped' disk
126
Where does the spinal cord terminate in adults?
L1/L2
127
Where does the spinal cord terminate in children?
L3
128
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
Return lymph to circulation
129
What are some major groups of lymph nodes and their location?
Axillary (in axilla)
Superficial and deep inguinal (inguinal region)
Pectoral (around the pectoralis major muscle)
Tracheobronchial (at bifurcation of trachea)
Lumbar and pelvic (around root of arteries in abdomen and pelvis)
Superficial and deep cervical (neck)
130
What is A?
Incoming lymph vessel
131
What is B?
Paracortex
132
What is C?
Cortex
133
What is D?
Outgoing lymph vessel
134
What is E?
Artery
135
What is F?
Vein
136
What is G?
Medulla
137
What is H?
Follicle
138
What is I?
Germinal centre
139
What is A?
Capsule
140
What is B?
Cortex
141
What is C?
Deep cortex
142
What is D?
Medulla
143
What is LN?
Lymphatic node
144
What is T?
Trabecula
145
What is the main type of cell found in a lymph node?
Leukocyte (white blood cell)
146
What is the function of a lymph node?
Filter lymph and immune system
147
What process occurs inside a lymphatic nodule?
Differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
148
What is meant by the term sentinel node?
First few nodes into which a tumour drains
149
What is after the major lymph nodes?
Lymphatic ducts
150
What are the 2 lymphatic ducts?
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
151
What is A?
Azygos vein
152
What is B?
Thoracic aorta
153
What does area A drain into?
Right lymphatic duct
154
What does area B drain into?
Thoracic duct
155
What is A?
Cisterna chyli
156
What is B?
Thoracic duct
157
What is C?
Subclavian vein
158
Where does the thoracic duct commence?
L1 as the cisterna chyli
159
What does the thoracic duct commence at L1 as?
Cisterna chyli
160
Where does the thoracic duct lie?
On the posterior thoracic wall between the azygos vein and the descending aorta
161
What does the thoracic duct drain into?
Medial end of the left subclavian vein
162
Where does the thoracic duct cross the vertebral column to the left side?
T4
163
What does the spinal cord from at its distal end?
Conus medullaris
164
What does the spinal cord terminate as?
Filum terminale
165
What does the spinal cord show at its proximal and distal ends and why?
Enlargment due to the grey matter necessary to supply the limbs
166
What spinal nerves form the cauda equina?
L2-Cc1
167
From which spinal cord structure does the cauda equina emerge?
Conus medullaris
168
What is the function of the filum terminale?
Longitudinal support to spinal cord
169
What region of the spinal cord is most often injured?
Thoracic due to the canal being small
170
What makes up the grey matter of the spinal cord?
Cell body
171
What makes up the white matter of the spinal cord?
Axon (myelinated)
172
What is A?
Posterior (dorsal) horn
173
What is B?
Lateral horn
174
What is C?
Anterior (ventral) horn
175
What is D?
Anterior (ventral) columns
176
What is E?
Central canal
177
What is F?
Lateral columns
178
What is G?
Posterior (dorsal columns)
179
Where is the white matter and the grey matter?
Grey matter on the inside and white on the outside
180
What nerve impulses are associated with the anterior horn cells?
Motor
181
What nerve impulses are associated with the posterior horn cells?
Sensory
182
What nerve impulses are associated with the lateral horn cells?
Autonomic
183
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
184
What is the function of the meninges?
Protect the CNS
185
What is A?
Spinal cord
186
What is B?
Dorsal root
187
What is C?
Denticulate ligament
188
What is D?
Pia mater
189
What is E?
Dura mater
190
What is F?
Arachnoid
191
Where does the dura mater descent to?
S3
192
Where does the arachnoid mater descend?
S3
193
Where is the subarachnoid space located?
Between the pia mater and arachnoid mater
194
What is in the subanarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
195
Where is the spinal epidural space found?
Between the dura mater and the periosteum covering the vertebral bodies
196
Where is the subdural space found?
Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
197
What supplies the spinal cord with blood?
Aorta and its branches
198
What drains the blood from the spinal cord?
Vertebral venous plexus
199
Where is the vertebral venous plexus found?
Epidural space (in the fatty tissue between the dura mater and the vertebrae)
200
What do the veins of the vertebral venous plexus not have?
Valves
201
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
202
What do the autonomic fibres of the spinal nerve supply?
Organs, involuntary movement and glands
203
What do the somatic fibres of the spinal nerve supply?
Voluntary muscles and skeletal structures
204
Where are the lateral horns located between?
T1-L2
205
What is A?
Dorsal root ganglion
206
What is B?
Dorsal ramus
207
What is C?
Ventral ramus
208
What is D?
Anterior root
209
What is E?
Anterior horn
210
What is F?
Lateral horn
211
What is G?
Posterior horn
212
What is H?
Posterior root
213
Where do the somatic nerves originate in the spinal cord?
Anterior/posterior horns
214
Where do the autonomic nerves originiate in the spinal cord?
Lateral horns
215
Which of somatic and autonomic nerves stop at a ganglia before the target?
Autonomic
216
From what spinal levels do somatic nerves arise from?
C1 - Cc1
217
From what spinal levels do sympathetic nerves arise from?
T1 - L2/3
218
What is A?
Dorsal root
219
What is B?
Dorsal root ganglion
220
What is C?
Sympathetic chain
221
What is D?
Spinal nerve
222
What is E?
Grey ramus
223
What is F?
White ramus
224
What is G?
To effector
225
What is H?
Ventral root
226
Does the grey or white ramus come first?
White ramus (F)
227
What nerves supplies abdominal organs?
Splanchnic nerves
228
What is A (supplying abdominal organs)?
Splanchnic nerve
229
What are the sympathetic chains also refered to as?
Prevertebral ganglia
230
How do sympathic nerves get to structures outwidth where they emerge from (T1-L2)?
Use the sympathetic chain
231
Where does the sympathetic chain extend from and to?
C1 - between S5 and Cc1
232
What do white ramus carry?
Sympathetic fibres from the spinal nerve to the sympathetic ganglia
233
What do grey ramus carry?
Sympathetic fibres from the sympathetic ganglion back to the ventral ramus of the spinal nerve
234
Which of white and grey ramus is more myelinated?
White ramus
235
Where do the 3 thoracic splanchnic nerves range from?
T6 - T12
236
What are the 3 thoracic splanchnic nerves?
Coeliac
Superior
Inferior mesenteric
237
Where are the thoracic splanchnic nerves visible?
Emerge from thoracic sympathetic chain, going to the diaphragm and entering the abdomen
238
Where are parasympathetic nerves found?
Cranial III, VII, IX and X
S2 - S4
239
Where do parasympathetic nerves arise and emerge?
Arise in the conus medullaris, descending in the cauda equina and emerging between S2 and S4
240
What are autonomic nerve plexuses and how are they named?
Extends along major arteries, being named for its underlying artery
241
What are the large autonomic nerve plexuses?
Cardiac
Pulmonary
Coeliac
Superior hypgastric
Inferior hypogastric (pelvic)
242
What are the pelvic splanchnic nerves and where do they originate?
Parasympathetic
Originate in S2 - S4
243
What do pelvic parasympathetic splanchnic nerves run through?
Pelvic plexus and travel to their target organs
244
What is the pelvic plexus an example of?
Mixed autonomic plexus (both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres)
245
How many cervical vertebrae and nerves are there?
7 vertebrae
8 nerves
246
Why is there 8 cervical nerves but 7 vertebrae?
First 7 spinal nerves emerge above vertebrae they are named after, the rest emerge below
