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IOCH14B > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids (from the Greek ____,___)

A

lipos, fat

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2
Q

constituents of plants or animals that are characterized by their solubility properties.

A

Lipids

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3
Q

In particular, lipids are insoluble in water but are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents, such as____

A

diethyl ether.

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4
Q

Lipids can be extracted from ____and____ by organic solvents.

A

cells and tissues

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5
Q

This solubility property distinguishes lipids from three other major classes of natural products

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

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6
Q

Fats and oils are triesters of glycerol and are called

A

triglycerides

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7
Q

When we boil a fat or oil with alkali and acidify the resulting solution, we obtain glycerol and a mixture of fatty acids. The reaction is called

A

saponification

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8
Q

There are two types of triglycerides

A

simple triglycerides & mixed triglycerides

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9
Q

which are highly unsaturated, are converted into solid vegetable fats by catalytically hydrogenating some or all of the double bonds

A

Vegetable oils

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10
Q

illustrated by the hydrogenation of glyceryl trioleate to glyceryl tristearate.

A

hardening

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11
Q

made by hydrogenating cottonseed, soybean, peanut, or corn oil until the desired butter-like consistency is obtained. The product may be churned with milk and artificially colored to mimic butter’s flavor and appearance.

A

margarine

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12
Q

constitute about 40% of cell membranes, the remaining 60% being proteins

A

Phospholipids

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13
Q

Phospholipids are related structurally to fats and oils, except that one of the three ester groups is replaced by a

A

phosphatidylamine

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14
Q

The fatty acid portions are usually

A

palmityl, stearyl, or oleyl

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15
Q

Phospholipids arrange themselves in bilayers in membranes, with the two hydrocarbon “____” pointing in and the polar phosphatidylamine ends constituting the membrane surface.

A

tails

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16
Q

play a key role in biology, controlling diffusion of substances into and out of cells

A

Membranes

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17
Q

differ from fats and oils in that they are simple monoesters. The acid and alcohol portions of a wax molecule both have long saturated carbon chains.

A

Waxes

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18
Q

Waxes are more ____, _____, and ____ than fats

A

brittle,harder, and less greasy

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19
Q

They are used to make _____, _______, _____, and __________, as well as candles and phonograph records

A

polishes, cosmetics, ointments, and other pharmaceutical preparations

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20
Q

True or false

In nature, waxes coat the leaves and stems of plants that grow in arid regions, thus reducing evaporation

A

True

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21
Q

True or false

Similarly, insects with a high surface-area-to-volume ratio often have a coating of a natural protective wax.

A

True

22
Q

Lipids are hydrophobic means?

A 
hydro= "water"
phobic= "fear of"
23
Q

Olive oil gives ___% oleic acid

A

83%

24
Q

gives 43% palmitic acid and 43% oleic acid, with lesser amounts of stearic and linoleicacids

A

Palm oil

25
Q

gives at least 14 different fatty acids on hydrolysis and is somewhat exceptional in that about 9% of these acids have fewer than 10 carbon atoms

A

Butterfat

26
Q

What is it that makes some triglycerides solids (fats) and other liquids (oils)?

A
  • The distinction is clear from their composition. Oils contain a much higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids than do fats.
27
Q

T or F

The melting points of unsaturated fatty acids are appreciably “higher” than those of saturated acids

A

F (lower)

28
Q

T or F
The same difference applies to trigycerides: The more double bonds in the fatty acid portion of the triester, the “lower” its melting point.

A

T

29
Q

When a fat or oil is heated with alkali (e.g.,NaOH), the ester is converted to glycerol and the salts of fatty acids. The reaction is illustrated here with the saponification of_____?

A

glyceryl tripalmitate

30
Q

Categories of Lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes

31
Q

solid at room temperature used by animals?

A

fats

32
Q

liquid at room temperature used by plants?

A

oils

33
Q

hydrophilic head means

A

“water- loving”

34
Q

hydrophobic tail means

A

“water-hating”

35
Q

Non-polar & repel water

A

waxes

36
Q

are extremely important, mainly because of their unique properties in regard to water

A

Phospholipids

37
Q

are similar to triglycerides in that they contain glycerol & two fatty acids

A

Phospholipids

38
Q

are lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water, but they do not resemble lipids since they have a structure composed of four fused rings.

A

steroids

39
Q

the most common steroid and is the precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, and bile salts.

A

Cholesterol

40
Q

steroids sources?

A
  • Cholesterol (most common)
  • Testosterone (male steroid hormone)
  • Estrogen (who use anabolic steroids for bodybuilding)
  • Vitamin D(known for its important role in regulating body levels)
  • cortisone (type of anti-inflammatory drug)
  • plasma membrane ( lipophilic suggesting they intercalate into the bilayer of target cell plasma membranes,)
41
Q

Only single carbon to carbon bonds known as_____

A

saturated fatty acid

42
Q

have one to several double bonds

A

unsaturated fatty acid

43
Q

Lipids are classified by their___

A

structure

44
Q

lipids do not dissolve in water because they are

A

non-polar

45
Q

Saturated fats have-

A
  • single bond
  • straight structure
  • solidity at room temperature
46
Q

A lipid is a polymer that is made of what kind of polymer?

A

fatty acids and a glycerol

47
Q

A phospholipid bilayer comprises what part of cell?

A

cell membrane

48
Q

The C-O-O-H on the end of a fatty acid structure is called a

A

carboxyl group

49
Q

Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen and ____

A

oxygen

50
Q

Triglyceride is made up of ______backbone

A

glycerol

51
Q

A fatty acid consists of a hydrocarbon chain, methyl end and _______group

A

carboxyl group

52
Q

how do lipids function for cells and organisms?

A

store energy

IOCH14B (9 decks)

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