# 2: Alkali Metal

Question 1

Members of group 1 of the periodic table (first vertical column) with exception of hydrogen are called

Answer 1

Alkali metal

Question 2

Alkali metals

Answer 2

lithium (Li), 
sodium (Na),
 potassium (K), 
rubidium (Rb), 
cesium (Cs)
francium (Fr).

Question 3

This group of elements belongs to the _______-they only have one electron in their outer shell, stype.

Answer 3

s-block metals

Question 4

The chemistry of the metals is characterized by the loss of this s electron to form a _________, which results from the relatively low ionization energy of this electron

Answer 4

monocationicion M+,

Question 5

the energy that is required to remove the outer electron of an atom or molecule. The tendency to lose the outer electron is directly correlated to the ___________

Answer 5

Ionization energy (IE)

Question 6

the easier the removal of the electron

Answer 6

↓ionization energy

Question 7

from rock salts

Answer 7

Na and K

Question 8

have small natural abundances; also occur as rock salts

Answer 8

Li, Rb and Cs

Question 9

➢is manufactured by Downs’ process-

• electrolysis of molten NaCl.
• the major production process for sodium

Answer 9

Sodium

Question 10

a minor source of industrial chlorine.

Answer 10

metal

Question 11

positively charged; electrode where oxidation takes place

Answer 11

Anode

Question 12

negatively charged; reduction takes place

Answer 12

Cathode

Question 13

can also be isolated using electrolysis.

Answer 13

Li and K

Question 14

describes all chemical reactions in which atoms change their oxidation number.

Answer 14

reduction–oxidation (redox) reaction

Question 15

are needed to form a redox reaction.

Answer 15

half-reactions

Question 16

loss of electrons

Answer 16

Oxidation

Question 17

gain of electrons

Answer 17

Reduction

Question 18

the atom or molecule that oxidizes another compound and in turn is reduced itself.

Answer 18

oxidant

Question 19

molecules or atoms that reduce other compounds and as a result are oxidized themselves.

Answer 19

Reductants

Question 20

silvery white appearance; except cesium (golden yellow).

Answer 20

Most alkali metals

Question 21

is the softest of the alkali metals.

Answer 21

cesium

Question 22

has the lowest reactivity

Answer 22

Li

Question 23

has the highest.

Answer 23

Cs

Question 24

All alkali metals except Li must be stored in _______. Li is normally stored under inert gas such as argon.

Answer 24

mineral oil

Question 25

can be handled in air for a short time

Answer 25

Li, Na and K

Question 26

Li, Na and K

Answer 26

Rb and Cs

Question 27

is the least reactive alkali metal and reacts ‘only’ quickly with water, whereas potassium, rubidium and caesiumare more reactive and react violently with water.

Answer 27

lithium

Question 28

oral rehydration salts; KClcan also be used to treat potassium depletion.

Answer 28

NaCl and KClsolutions

Question 29

reaction of an alkali metal with halogens.

Answer 29

Alkali metal halides

Question 30

important for a potential pharmaceutical application

Answer 30

very soluble in water

Question 31

4Li + O2

Answer 31

2Li2O oxide formation (O2-)

Question 32

2Na + O2

Answer 32

Na2O2peroxide formation (O–)

Question 33

K + O2

Answer 33

KO2superoxide formation (O2–)

Question 34

treatment of BD

Answer 34

Lithium bicarbonate or citrate

Question 35

active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in over-the-counter drugs against UTIs (increasing the pH of the urine).

Answer 35

Potassium bicarbonate or citrate

Question 36

produced by Solvay process –one of the most important industrial processes

Answer 36

Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

Question 37

starting materials; inexpensive and easily available.

Answer 37

NaCl and CaCO3 (limestone)

Question 38

2NaCl + CaCO3

Answer 38

Na2CO3+ CaCl2

Question 39

Diagonally adjacent elements of the second and third periods have similar properties –this concept is called

Answer 39

diagonal relationship.

Question 40

diagonal relationship.

Answer 40

(Li/Mg, Be/Al, B/Si, etc.)

Question 41

Na: atomic number 11;

Answer 41

Natrium

Question 42

are soluble in water; present in large quantities in the oceans

Answer 42

Sodium

Question 43

an essential ion in the human body

Answer 43

Sodium

Question 44

is defined as the physical process of diffusion of a solvent (water) through a semi-permeable membrane towards an area of high solute (salt) concentration

Answer 44

Osmosis

Question 45

Account for over 90% of all ions in the ___ and_____; most abundant cation in the ECF

Answer 45

plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 46

play an important role in regulating the fluid level of the body; filtration, secretion and reabsorption of sodium in the nephrons

Answer 46

Kidneys

Question 47

the solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the surrounding area. This area will lose water through osmosis

Answer 47

Hypertonic

Question 48

that means the solution has the same concentration of solutes as the surrounding area. No movement of water will occur

Answer 48

Isotonic

Question 49

that means the solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the surrounding area. This area will gain water through osmosis

Answer 49

Hypotonic

Question 50

K : atomic number 19;

Answer 50

Kalium

Question 51

first isolated from potash

Answer 51

(K2CO3)

Question 52

Major use of K+:

Answer 52

fertilizers (potassium salts: KCl, K2SO4and KNO3)

Question 53

found in table salt

Answer 53

KCl

Question 54

oxidizing agent and is used as flour improver

Answer 54

KBrO3-

Question 55

food preservative in wine and beer

Answer 55

KHSO3

Question 56

95% of the K+can be found inside the ______; 5% mainly circulating in the_______

Answer 56

cells and blood plasma

Question 57

↓ K+in the blood plasma. Symptoms: muscle weakness or ECG abnormalitiesCauses: reduced K+intake caused by GI disturbance (diarrhea and vomiting) or increased excretion of K+caused by diuresis-often found in patients treated with diuretics such as loop diuretics and thiazides.

Answer 57

Hypokalemia-

Question 58

- ↑K+in the plasma, can lead to severe health problems. - Potassium salts can cause nausea and vomiting; can lead to small bowel ulcerations. - Normal levels: 3.5–5.0 mmol/L->6.5 mmol/L - Acute severe __________ can lead to cardiac arrest

Answer 58

**Hyperkalemia**