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Veterinary Physiology > Lipid metaboilism > Flashcards

Lipid metaboilism Flashcards

1
Q

What are lipids?

A

A group of compounds that are insoluble in water and consists primarily of hydrocarbon chains and rings

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2
Q

What makes lipids hydrophbic?

A

A high proportion of nonpolar C-H bonds

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3
Q

What are the 2 main categories of lipids?

A

Simple and complex lipids

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4
Q

Simple Lipids

A

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and their esters with alcohols such as glycerol (mono, di or triglycerides)
Fatty Acids

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5
Q

Complex Lipids

A

Contain other residues with the esterified FAs
EX: glycerophopholipids and amphipathic

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6
Q

Glycerophospholipids are ________

A

Amphipathic (both hydophobic and hydrophilic)

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7
Q

Triglycerides

A

Make up the bulk of body lipid
Deposited in the cytoplasm of adipocytes
Composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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8
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Long hydrocarbon chains
Saturated, monosaturated or polysaturated
Metabolic fuels, components of other classes of lipids

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9
Q

What are the function of triglycerides?

A

Main storage of fatty acids and chemical energy
Store twice as much energy as carbs (9 cal/gram of fat)

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10
Q

Fatty Acid chemical makeup

A

CH3(CH2)nCOO-
CH3(CH2)n =hydrophobic
COO-= hydrophilic

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11
Q

When are fatty acids saturated?

A

If hydrocarbon chains are joined by single covalent bonds

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12
Q

When are fatty acids unsaturated?

A

If there are double bonds in the chains

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13
Q

Where are the alpha, y and beta bonds in fatty acids?

A

Numbered from COOH (right end) C2, C3 and C4 are alpha, beta and y carbons

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14
Q

Where are the double bonds in fatty acids?

A

C12 and C9

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15
Q

What do unsaturated fatty acids increase?

A

Membrane fluidity

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16
Q

Where do UFAs predominate over SFAs?

A

In high plant and cold environment residing animals

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17
Q

Where are trans UFAs high in?

A

Partially hydrogenerated vegetable oils
Ex; maragarin (increases transfat deposits in the body

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18
Q

Trans UFAs compared to SFAs?

A

More linear and promote cholesterol absorption from the gut
Associated with hypercholesterolemia

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19
Q

Classification of animal fats

A

usually saturated fats and are solid at room temp

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20
Q

Classification of plant fats

A

Oils that are usually unsaturated and are liquid at room temp

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21
Q

What are the different types of complex lipids

A

Phospholipid, sphingolipids, cholesterol, bile sats

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22
Q

Phospholipid

A

Source of inositol triphosphate(IP3) and diacylglyceride (DAG) for signal transduction
Contain hydrophilic phosphate group
Lipid part is nonpolar and hydrophobic

23
Q

Sphingolipids

A

Component of membranes

24
Q

Cholesterol

A

Component of membrane, precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones

25
Q

Bile salts

A

Lipid digestion and absorption, main product of cholesterol metabolism

26
Q

What do phospholipids form?

A

They spontaneously form micelles or lipid bilayers

27
Q

_______ are the basis of biological membranes

A

Lipid bilayers

28
Q

How do phospholipids act as surfactants?

A

By reducing surface tension

29
Q

Derived Lipids

A

Steroid hormones, eisosanoids, vitamins, ketone bodies, prostaglandins

30
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Intracellular signals that regulate gene expression in target cells

31
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Regulation of physiological functins

32
Q

Vitamins

A

Vision, calcium metabolism, antioxidants, blood coagulation

33
Q

ketone bodies

A

metabolic fuel

34
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Produced by and active in most tissues

35
Q

How are lipids transported?

A

In blood bound to lipoproteins

36
Q

Pathways of fatty acid trafficking between tissues in the fasted state

A
  1. Triacylglycerol stored in adipose tissue is mobilized to release nonesterified fatty acids into circulation
  2. NEFA are taken up by skeletal muscle and liver
  3. They may enter the pathway of B-oxidation or synthesis of TG
  4. In the liver they may they may also secrete fatty acids in the form of low density lipoprotein TG
  5. Fatty acids may be taken up fro esterfication in adipose tissue and for oxidation or esterification in muscle via the lipoprotein lipase pathway
37
Q

What are the 3 key pathways of lipid metabolism?

A

Exogenous pathway
Endogenous pathway
Reverse cholesterol transport

38
Q

Exogenous Pathway

A

Action of lipoprotein lipase on chylomicrons to form 3 fatty acids

39
Q

Reverse cholesterol transport

A

Action of high density lipoprotein in collecting peripheral cholesterol

40
Q

The endogenous pathway

A

Role of lipoprotein lipase in cleaving very low density lipoproteins to form intermediate density lipoproteins, taken up by the liver or lo-density lipoproteins and FFAs

41
Q

Where are fatty acids synthesized

A

In cytoplasm from and broken down in mitochondria to a common compound acetyl CoA

42
Q

What yield more energy than glucose?

A

A catabolism of a 6-carbon fatty acid

43
Q

How are fatty acids converted into acetyl groups?

A

b-oxidation

44
Q

Lipema

A

Refers to turbid or lactescent appearance of serum or plasma
Due to hypertriglyceridemia (>200 mg/dl in dog)

45
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Increased concentrations of lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol or both) in the blood
Postprandial (physiological) or pathological
Ketone bodies formed in the liver and can be used to generate energy in most aerobic tissues but not by the liver

46
Q

Hepatic Lipidosis (feline fatty liver)

A

Most frequent cause for severe live failure in cats
Often as inappetence
Too much mobilization from adipose tissue
Up to 50% liver may be replaced by TG

47
Q

What are Ketone bodies?

A

Small, soluble, freely circulating lipids
Result from partial b-oxidation of fatty acid

48
Q

How are Ketone bodies formed?

A

TGs are broken down and resynthesized in adipose tissue –>
If adipose is sufficient acetyl CoA is channeled into alternate pathway –>
Converted into KBs

49
Q

What happens to free fatty acids?

A

Used or energey ot converted in liver to KBs

50
Q

What do high levels of KBs cause?

A

Ketosis

51
Q

When does Ketoacidosis occur?

A

When KBs in blood are lower than pH

52
Q

How do horses differ from ruminants?

A

They possess greater capacity of exporting lipoprotein from hepatocytes
And greater hepatic clearance capacity for FFAs
Pathway for ketone formation less developed
Ketosis is infrequent

53
Q

What are ruminants more prone to than horse?

A

Fatty live infiltration (steatosis, fatty liver syndrome)

Veterinary Physiology (20 decks)

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