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Veterinary Physiology > Body Fluids, Solutes and Solutions and Membranes > Flashcards

Body Fluids, Solutes and Solutions and Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

In leans adult herbivores, what is the total body water of body weight?

A

70%

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2
Q

In the average animal, what is the total body water of body weight?

A

60%

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3
Q

What are the fluid compartments of the cell?

A

ECF and ICF

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4
Q

How much does ECF make up in the total body weight and body weight?

A

33% of TBW

20% of the body weight

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5
Q

How much does ICF make up in the total body weight and body weight?

A

67% of TBW

40% of body weight

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6
Q

What makes up the ECF?

A

Plasma, Interstitial fluid, Lymph and Transcellular fluid

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7
Q

How much of the ECF does PLASMA take up?

A

25%

5% of body weight

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8
Q

How much of the ECF does INTERSTITIAL FLUID take up?

A

70%

15% body weight

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9
Q

What makes up transcellular fluid?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), intracoular, pleural, peritoneal, pericardial, synovial, digestion secretions

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10
Q

Anions in ECF

A

Cl- (108)

HCO3- (24)- bicarbonate

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11
Q

Cations of ECF

A

Na+ (142 mmol/L)
K+ (4.2)
Mg2+ (0.8)

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12
Q

Nutrients within ECF

A

O2, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

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13
Q

Wastes of ECF

A

Co2, urea, uric acid, excess water and ions

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14
Q

Anions of ICF

A

Cl- (4)
HCO3- (10)
Phosphate ions (HPO42-)

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15
Q

Cations of ICF

A

Na+ (14)
K+ (140)
Mg2+ (20)

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16
Q

Why are phosphate ions seen in the ICF?

A

Because the cells are producing ATP

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17
Q

Nutrients within ICF

A

High concentrations of proteins

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18
Q

What does balancing the anions and cations do for the blood?

A

maintains the pH of 7.2

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19
Q

Why is Ca important for both ECF and ICF?

A

Ca maintains the homeostasis of the bones (ECF and ICF have different Ca concentration)

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20
Q

What are the most important regulators for osmotic pressure?

A

Na and K

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21
Q

What controls the fluid of the body?

A

Thirst
Sweat
Renal control (aldosterone)
Neuronal (osmoreceptors, baropreceptors)

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22
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Osmotic Pressure

Located at the hypothalamus glands to regulate water volume

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23
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Located in the heart

Regulates blood pressure

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24
Q

Dehydrations

A

Loss of water in the body
Leads to decrease in both ECF and ICF volumes
Decrease of osmolarity in both

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25
Q

General signs of dehydration

A 
Thirst 
Dry tongue 
Loss of skin elasticity 
Soft eyeballs (due to lowering intraocular tension)
Decrease blood pressure if 4-6 L loss 
Decrease Hb and Hct (packed cell volume)
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26
Q

What is the affect of losing water from the ECF?

A

Increase of ion concentration, this will attract water from ICF

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27
Q

Solvent

A

Anything liquid

Water (universal)

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28
Q

Solutions of electrolytes

A

NaCl (disassociates once it hits the water)

29
Q

Solutions of nonelectrolytes

A

Glucose

30
Q

Normal Saline

A

0.9% NaCl solution- Physiological saline- 0.9 g NaCl in 100 ml water
Maintains the concentration of NaCl in ECF and ICF

31
Q

Weight of solute

A

Moles, equivalents, or osmosis

32
Q

Concentration of solutes

A

Moles per lter (mol/L)
Equivalents per liter (Eq/L)
Osmoles per liter (Osm/L)

33
Q

Equivalents (EQ)

A

Concentration of electrolytes in a solution
Amount of charged (ionized solutes)
EQ = Mole of solute x valence

34
Q

Transport through cell membranes

A

Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport

35
Q

Diffusion

A

Net movement of molecules from a region of their high concentration to a region of their low concentration

36
Q

Molecules that diffuse through cell membranes (Diffusion)

A

Plasma Membrane only lets in molecules that are lipid soluble and gases (CO2, O2, H2O)
EX: vitamin A, estrogen, progesterone

37
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Molecule is too large or charged to diffuse on its own
Can diffuse if there’s a specific transport protein (channel)
Will bind to molecules to let them inside the cell
Will stop when concentrations are equal for ECF and ICF

38
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water from an area of high concentration of water molecules to an area of low concentration of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane

39
Q

When is Osmotic pressure exerted

A

When a solute can’t cross the membrane (water will follow the solute to maintain balance)
Where solute decreases water will increase, vice versa

40
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Cells in the body are normal (normal levels of solute and water)

41
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Low concentration of solute, high concentration of water

Cell pulls in water and it sweels

42
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

Low concentration of water, high concentration of solute

Pulls water from the cell, cell shrinks

43
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires ATP to pump a molecule in or out of the cell

Cells must maintain very high or low levels of some molecules

44
Q

Osmole

A

Solute concentration in terms of the number of particles dissolved
EX: 1 mole NaCl = 2 osmoles
1 mole glucose = 1 osmole

45
Q

Osmolarity (M)

A

Number of discrete particles in 1 L solution

46
Q

Osmolality (m)

A

Number of discrete particles in 1 kg of solution

47
Q

Milliosmole

A

1 milliosmole= one millimole of undissociable solution
EX: 1 milimole NaCl= 2 milliomoles
1 milimole glucose = 1 milliomole glucose = 1 milliosmole

48
Q

What is the normal osmolality of ECF and ICF?

A

300 milliosmole per kg of water

49
Q

What is the major determinant of plasma osmolality?

A

Na+

50
Q

Organic substances in body fluids

A 
Glucose
Amino Acids 
Fatty acids 
Hormones
Enzymes
51
Q

Inorganic Substances in Body Fluids

A 
Sodium 
Potassium 
Calcium 
Magnesium
Chloride
Phosphate
Sulphate
52
Q

What is the most abundant cation in ECF and what is the function?

A

Na+

Muscle contraction, impulse contraction, fluid and electrolyte balance

53
Q

What is the most abundant anion in ECF and what is the function?

A

Cl-
Regulates osmotic pressure
Forms HCl in gastric acid

54
Q

What is the most abundant cation in ICF and what is the function?

A 
K+
Resting membrane potential 
Action potentials 
Maintains intracellular vol.
Regulation of pH
55
Q

Na+/K+ pumps role

A

Keeping K+ high inside cells and Na+ high outside the cell

56
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Cell’s outer skin
Impermeable to large molecules
Selectively permeable to small molecules
Is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

57
Q

Mobility of lipids within a bilayer

A

Cholesterol aids in stiffening the membrane and can flip easily
Phospholipids can more laterally, rotate or flex (rarely flipping the other leaflet)

58
Q

Membrane proteins

A

Peripheral and Integral

59
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Noncovalently bonded with integral proteins

60
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Most have membrane-spanning alpha-helical domains of 20 animo acids
Some have multiple membrane-spanning domains
Ion channels

61
Q

How are some integral proteins are linked to membrane phospholipids?

A

Via an oligosaccharide or linked directly to fatty acids or prenyl groups

62
Q

What are the functions of the membrane proteins?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Enzymatic Activity
  3. Receptors for signal transduction
  4. Intercellular joining
  5. Cell-cell recognition
  6. Attachment tot the cytoskeleton and ECM
63
Q

How do membrane proteins function in TRANSPORT?

A

Provide a hydrophilic channel across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute
or
Hydrolyze ATP as an energy source to actively pump substances across the membrane

64
Q

Membrane protein enzymatic activity

A

A protein built into a membrane may be an enzyme, a team of enzymes will catalyze sequential steps of a metabolic pathway

65
Q

How are membrane proteins receptors for signal transduction?

A

When the protein is exposed to the outside of the cell, they’ll have a biding site with a specific shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger (hormone)–> the external signal will cause a change in the protein that initiates a chain of chemical reactions in the cell

66
Q

Membrane protein function in intercellular joining

A 
Proteins of adjacent cells may be hooked together in intercellualr junctions.
Some proteins (CAMs) provide temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell-to-cell interactions
67
Q

Membrane proteins roll in cell-cell recognition

A

Some glycoproteins (bonded to short chains of sugars) are identification tags that are recognized by other cells

68
Q

Membrane proteins and their attachments to ECM and cytoskeleton

A

ECM and cytoskeleton anchored to proteins to help maintain cell shape and fix the location of certain proteins, cell movement, or binding adjacent cells together

Veterinary Physiology (20 decks)

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