GI Fermentation Flashcards
Where does the major intestinal digestion take place in most species?
Small intestine
Fermentation
Generation of protein from dead organisms and energy from a plant source for growth, maintenance, and production using bacteria, fungi and protozoa in an anaerobic environment
Proteins?
90% of all needs
Microbial proteins and amino acids
Absorbed from the small intestine
Energy
Microbial fermentation
Absorbed from the rumen
What is protein from dead organisms turned into?
Peptides
Nitrogen (from ammonia and urea)
What is carbohydrates (energy) from plants turned into?
Glucose (VFA are absorbed into the lumen and converted into glucose)
Fermentation compared to glandular digestion
Slower and alters substrate more
Where does fermentation take place?
Rumen, reticulum and omasum in ruminants
Non glandular stomach in horses and pigs
Large intestine in all animals
What are the requirements for fermentation?
Bacteria (20-50 billion)
Protozoa (200-500 thousand)
Fungi
Symbiotic relation
pH of 6-6.5
Saliva (10-45 gallons produced daily)
What does the protozoa do for the gut?
Eats bacteria and stores glycogen
What are the different types of energy generation?
Carbs fermentation
Anaerobic fermentation (embden meyerhof parnas)
Embeden-Myergof Pathway
Where hexoses produce 2 pyruvate
2ATP and 2NADH (energy not for host)
Produces VFA
What are the VFAs produced?
Acetate
Prpionate
Butyrate
How does VFA enter pathways inside microflora?
- Methanogenic (acetic acid pathway)
- Randomized pathway (propionic acid)
What inhibits methane production?
High food intake, high starch, high grain, finely grinded, pelleted food
Where are VFAs absorbed from?
Rumen –> blood –> liver
What happens to VFA in the liver?
Synthesis of different energy sources
Acetate
Muscle, fats and milk
60%
Roughage
Metabolic acidosis (buildup of acid in the body)
Propionate
Liver
20%
Glucneogenesis (increase= bad lactate acidosis)
High concentrates
Main source of lactate
Butyrate
Fat
20%
Energy from the rumen, less for milk
source of ketone bodies
What are other sources of protein?
Carbs
Nitrates
Urea-ammonia (synthesis of microbial proteins)
Urea
Absorbed from the rumen
Detoxified in the liver (produced protein)
Remaining is secreted in urine or saliva
Where are the dead organisms digested and absorbed?
Small intestine
What is the main source to build muscle protein?
Leucine
What is the end product of proteins?
Short chain peptides
Microbial proteins and branch chained VFA
Microbial endopeptisdase
Trypsin-like endopeptidase
