GI Fermentation

Question 1

Where does the major intestinal digestion take place in most species?

Answer 1

Small intestine

Question 2

Fermentation

Answer 2

Generation of protein from dead organisms and energy from a plant source for growth, maintenance, and production using bacteria, fungi and protozoa in an anaerobic environment

Question 3

Proteins?

Answer 3

90% of all needs
Microbial proteins and amino acids
Absorbed from the small intestine

Question 4

Energy

Answer 4

Microbial fermentation
Absorbed from the rumen

Question 5

What is protein from dead organisms turned into?

Answer 5

Peptides
Nitrogen (from ammonia and urea)

Question 6

What is carbohydrates (energy) from plants turned into?

Answer 6

Glucose (VFA are absorbed into the lumen and converted into glucose)

Question 7

Fermentation compared to glandular digestion

Answer 7

Slower and alters substrate more

Question 8

Where does fermentation take place?

Answer 8

Rumen, reticulum and omasum in ruminants
Non glandular stomach in horses and pigs
Large intestine in all animals

Question 9

What are the requirements for fermentation?

Answer 9

Bacteria (20-50 billion)
Protozoa (200-500 thousand)
Fungi
Symbiotic relation
pH of 6-6.5
Saliva (10-45 gallons produced daily)

Question 10

What does the protozoa do for the gut?

Answer 10

Eats bacteria and stores glycogen

Question 11

What are the different types of energy generation?

Answer 11

Carbs fermentation
Anaerobic fermentation (embden meyerhof parnas)

Question 12

Embeden-Myergof Pathway

Answer 12

Where hexoses produce 2 pyruvate
2ATP and 2NADH (energy not for host)
Produces VFA

Question 13

What are the VFAs produced?

Answer 13

Acetate
Prpionate
Butyrate

Question 14

How does VFA enter pathways inside microflora?

Answer 14

1. Methanogenic (acetic acid pathway)
2. Randomized pathway (propionic acid)

Question 15

What inhibits methane production?

Answer 15

High food intake, high starch, high grain, finely grinded, pelleted food

Question 16

Where are VFAs absorbed from?

Answer 16

Rumen –> blood –> liver

Question 17

What happens to VFA in the liver?

Answer 17

Synthesis of different energy sources

Question 18

Acetate

Answer 18

Muscle, fats and milk
60%
Roughage
Metabolic acidosis (buildup of acid in the body)

Question 19

Propionate

Answer 19

Liver
20%
Glucneogenesis (increase= bad lactate acidosis)
High concentrates
Main source of lactate

Question 20

Butyrate

Answer 20

Fat
20%
Energy from the rumen, less for milk
source of ketone bodies

Question 21

What are other sources of protein?

Answer 21

Carbs
Nitrates
Urea-ammonia (synthesis of microbial proteins)

Question 22

Urea

Answer 22

Absorbed from the rumen
Detoxified in the liver (produced protein)
Remaining is secreted in urine or saliva

Question 23

Where are the dead organisms digested and absorbed?

Answer 23

Small intestine

Question 24

What is the main source to build muscle protein?

Answer 24

Leucine

Question 25

What is the end product of proteins?

Answer 25

Short chain peptides
Microbial proteins and branch chained VFA

Question 26

Microbial endopeptisdase

Answer 26

Trypsin-like endopeptidase