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Veterinary Physiology > GI Control Systems of the Gut > Flashcards

GI Control Systems of the Gut Flashcards

1
Q

One of the most common problems in small animals

A

Canine gastritis

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2
Q

Equine gastric ulcer

A

Over 75% of the cases (especially race track)
Because they’re competitive and want to run

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3
Q

Margo plicatis

A

Separation between the glandular and nonglandular sides of the stomach

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4
Q

Left displacement of the Abomasum (LDA)

A

The abomasum is normally seen on the right of ruminants stomach, but you can see it on the left side

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5
Q

Right Abomasum displacement

A

Abomasum seen on the top of the stomach

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6
Q

Gastrointestinal Physiology

A

Normal function, not in clinics

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7
Q

Gastroenterology

A

Clinical physiology (seen in clinics)

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8
Q

What does general GI Physiology include?

A

Includes: definition, divisions of the gut, histology of the gut and control systems

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9
Q

Special GI Physiology

A

Includes: motility, secretion, digestion/ absorption, fermentation

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10
Q

GI tract definition

A

A tube-like structure that extends from the mouth to the anus and supplies the body, including itself, with nutrients, water and electrolytes by performing 4 functions, digestions, absorption, secretion and motility

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11
Q

Division of the gut

A

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
Large Intestine (cecum, colon and rectum)

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12
Q

What are the 4 parts of the gut?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
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13
Q

Clinical considerations if the serosa

A

It’s apart of the peritoneum
If the tissue is dry —> adhesions —> peritonitis
So during surgery you want to keep it wet and clean

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14
Q

What makes up the muscularis of the gut?

A

Inner circular muscle (thick, toward lumen)
Myenteric muscle
Outer longitudinal muscle (thin, away from lumen)

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15
Q

Submucosa

A

Strong, holding layer
If you don’t suture it’ll lead to intestinal rupture
Includes the submucosal plexus

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16
Q

Mucosa

A

Muscularis mucosa
Lamina propria
Epithelium (secretion of gut from endocrine cells)

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17
Q

What is the foundation of the mucosa level?

A

Lamina propria

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18
Q

What do you do to relieve Esophageal Achalasia?

A

Myotomy/ Myectomy where you cut the muscle to relieve pressure
But in this case don’t cut the submucosa!

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19
Q

What are the systems located within the wall of the GI tract referred to?

A

Intrinsic systems

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20
Q

What are the systems located outside the wall of the GI tract referred to?

A

Extrinsic systems

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21
Q

What is within the intrinsic system?

A

Nerves- Enteric nervous system
Endocrine Secretions -Secretin, Gastrin, CCK, GIP and Motilin

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22
Q

What is within the extrinsic system?

A

Nerves- Vagus and splanchic nerves
Endocrine Secretions -Aldosterone

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23
Q

What are the 2 plexes within the enteric nervous system?

A

Myenteric and Submucosa

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24
Q

Myenteric nerves plexus

A

Auerbach (discoverer)
Between the 2 muscle layers of the GI tract
F: motility

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25
Q

Submucosa nerve plexus

A

Meissner
Lies under or over the submucosa depending on orientation
F: control of blood flow and secretions

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26
Q

How many neurons are within the ENS?

A

Over 100 million

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27
Q

What is the difference between the enteric and other nerve cells?

A

Regular neurons fire the neurotransmitter from the end of the axon terminal, while enteric nerve cells neurotransmitter is fired from the whole length of the neuron

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28
Q

Within the enteric system, where are the neurotransmitters secreted from?

A

Varicosities

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29
Q

What will make the AP in regular nerves?

A

When Na+ enters the cell

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30
Q

What will make AP in smooth muscle cells?

A

When Na+ and Ca+ enter the cell

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31
Q

Why are channels of enteric neurons slow to open and close?

A

For the longer duration of AP in the enteric nerves

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32
Q

How do you classify enteric nerves?

A

Morphology (shape)
Electrophysiology (properties/ activity)
Chemical coding (neurotransmitters present)

33
Q

How is morphology of the enteric system classified?

A

Dogiel type 1 (small cell body, short multiple dendrites)
Dogiel type 2 (large cell body, long terminal 1)

34
Q

Afterhyperpolarization type enteric nerve

A

Continuous
Goes from the stomach to the rectum

35
Q

S type enteric nerve

A

Synaptic (quick)
Within the anal sphincter

36
Q

What neurotransmitters are present in enteric neurons? (chemical coding)

A

Aborad Direction (inhibitory motor neurons) with vasoactive intestinal peptide and nitric oxide
Orad direction (excitatory motor neurons) with substance P and ACh

37
Q

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs)

A

Triangular cell body with multiple dendrites
Generates electrical activity on its own without stimulation

38
Q

When does contraction occur?

A

When AP (from enteric nerve) meets the plateau phase (Phase 3 of slow waves, ICCS)

39
Q

Slow wave

A

Resting (0)
Rising (1, depolarization and rising ca++)
Plateau (3, where contraction takes place)
Falling (4, repolarization, falling phase, k+ out)
Resting (0)

40
Q

What allows Na++ to enter the smooth muscle cell?

A

Slows waves from ICCs

41
Q

How does the stomach contract ?

A

Doesn’t need an AP from and enteric neuron, only the plateau phase (slow wave)

42
Q

What does loss of ICCs lead to?

A

Loss of contraction
Intestinal obstruction
Motility problems

43
Q

What will an enterectomy do to ICCs

A

Killing ICCs at the incision point
ICCs only affected in recovery time
Afterwards the ICCs will regenerate and re-wire

44
Q

What causes intestinal obstruction?

A

Plasticity (when older animals have trouble contracting gut)
Age (because regeneration takes place when young)

45
Q

What are the motility problems?

A

Chronic intestinal Pseudo-obstruction
Stromal Tumors (making ICCs non-functional)

46
Q

Sphincter

A

Area with continuous contraction unless you need quick relaxation for a short time
Ex: bile from duodenum or gall bladder

47
Q

What are the nerves of the extrinic control system?

A

Vagus and pelvic nerves (parasympathetic)- stimulates gut motility
Splanchnic nerve (sympathetic)- inhibits gut motility

48
Q

What are the GI hormones?

A

Gastrin
Cholecystokinin
Secretin
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
Motilin

49
Q

Where are all the GI hormones secreted from ?

A

The duodenum (small intestine)

50
Q

What is the only secretion from the stomach?

A

Gastrin

51
Q

What is the function of gastrin?

A

Increase gastric secretion

52
Q

Cholecytokinin function

A

Contract the gall bladder, releases bile into the duodenum, and exocrine pancreatic secretion

53
Q

What is the function of Gastric inhibitory peptide?

A

Inhibits acid secretion
Stimulates insulin secretion

54
Q

What is the function of motilin?

A

Increased motility

55
Q

What is the stimuli of gastrin?

A

Protein (meat)

56
Q

What is the stimuli of CCK?

A

Fat and protein

57
Q

What is the stimuli of secretin

A

Nature’s antacid, depending on what foods will increase acids

58
Q

What is the stimuli of motilin?

A

Fasting (no food)

59
Q

Which hormones stimulates the gut?

A

Gastrin, CCK and motilin

60
Q

What inhibits the gut?

A

Secretin

61
Q

What are the two mechanisms for gastrin secretion?

A

Acid from the parietal cells by the vagus nerve or Ach/ gastrin stimulation

62
Q

What increases gastric secretion?

A

G cells

63
Q

What does the increase of gastric acid cause?

A

Gastric duodenum ulcers

64
Q

What is gastrin important in diagnosing?

A

Zollinger-ellison syndrome or gastrinoma (duodenum tumor)
Non-beta cell pancreatic cancer
Duodenal cancer
Hypergastrinemia/ Diarrhea/ Hypokalemia/ Steatorrhea (fatty stool)

65
Q

What are the little and big gastrin?

A

Antrum (G17) and Duodenum (G34)

66
Q

How do you stop gastrin?

A
  1. H2 blocks (histamine receptors)
  2. Branch vagotomy (cutting certain vagus nerve branch)
67
Q

Obesity in vet med

A

Overweight- 56%
Obesity- 25%
Giving gut hormones will help with weight

68
Q

What does CCK inhibit?

A

Gastric emptying and food intake (possible anti-obesity medicine

69
Q

What is the term called at the end of the first meal and before the second meal (not eating)?

A

Intermeal interval

70
Q

Surgical treatments for obesity

A

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy

71
Q

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

A

Surgery changing the structure of GI so food can pass quickly for minimal digestion
Connects the intestine to the jejunum

72
Q

Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy

A

Suturing the stomach so it looks like a sleeve
Decreasing the size of the stomach

73
Q

Intra-arterial Catheterization

A

Placing a catheter to the GI tract as closely as you can
1. Aorta
2. Cranial bicentric artery
3. Celiac (artery supplying stomach
Giving CCK meds after

74
Q

Reduction of body weight by CCK-8

A

Loose 1/3 of your weight
For heavy people

75
Q

What does secretin inhibit?

A

Gatric secretion (nature’s anti-acid)

76
Q

What does secretin stimulate?

A

Gastrin secretion during gastrinoma (tumor)
Pancreatic Bicarbonate
Pancreatic Water
Pepsinogen Secretion

77
Q

Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)

A

Peristaltic movement
Phases: 1= silent, 2 and 3= activity front
Generated by motilin

78
Q

What activates a parietal cell?

A

Gastrin and vagus
(ECL then parietal)

Veterinary Physiology (20 decks)

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