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Lipid Lowering Agents Flashcards

1
Q

How is hyperlipidemia described?

A

High levels of lipids in the blood

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2
Q

If a patient has hyperlipidemia what are they are at a major risk for?

A

Cardiovascular disease

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3
Q

If a patient has hyperlipidemia when do they tend to produce symptoms?

A

Typically asymptomatic until cardiovascular disease produces symptoms

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4
Q

How do genetics play a role in hyperlipidemia?

A

They determine the ability to metabolize lipids

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5
Q

How does diet and exercise effect hyperlipidemia?

A

Diets high in saturated fat and lack of exercise contribute to hyperlipidemia

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6
Q

What are the three types of lipids?

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
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7
Q

What do lipoproteins carry?

A

Lipid molecules

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8
Q

What do lipoproteins consist of?

A
  • Cholesterol
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids with protein carrier
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9
Q

What are the three types of lipoproteins?

A
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
  • Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
  • Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
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10
Q

What do Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) enter the circulation as?

A

Tightly packed cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipids

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11
Q

What is Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) carried by and what are they broken down for and stored as?

A

They are carried by proteins that enter circulation.

They are broken down for energy and stored for future energy

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12
Q

How do High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) enter the circulation as?

A

As loosely packed lipids

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13
Q

What are High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) used for?

A

Energy

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14
Q

Where are High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) pick up?

A

They pick up remnants of fats and cholesterol left in the periphery by LDL breakdown

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15
Q

What is the normal or desirable range for total cholesterol?

A

Less than 200

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16
Q

What is considered borderline high range for total cholesterol?

A

200-239

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17
Q

What is considered high range for total cholesterol?

A

Greater than or equal to 240

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18
Q

What is considered optimal range for low-density lipoprotein (LDL)?

A

Less than 100

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19
Q

What is considered normal or desirable range for low-density lipoprotein (LDL)?

A

100-129

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20
Q

What is considered borderline high range for low-density lipoprotein (LDL)?

A

130-159

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21
Q

What is considered high range for low-density lipoprotein (LDL)?

A

160-189

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22
Q

What is considered very high range for low-density lipoprotein (LDL)?

A

Greater than or equal to 190

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23
Q

What is considered low range for High-density lipoprotein (HDL)?

A

Less than 40

24
Q

What is considered high range for High-density lipoprotein (HDL)?

A

Greater than or equal to 60

25
What is considered normal or desirable range for triglycerides?
Less than 150
26
What is considered borderline high range for triglycerides?
150-199
27
What is considered high range for triglycerides?
200-499
28
What is considered very high range for triglycerides?
Greater than or equal to 500
29
How do many patients control their dyslipidemia?
Through nonpharmacologic means like lifestyle changes
30
What types of dietary changes can be made to keep blood-lipid levels in check?
- Reduce dietary saturated fats and cholesterol | - Increase soluble fiber in diet
31
What are the causes of hyperlipidemia?
- Excessive dietary intakes of fats | - Genetic alterations in fat metabolism leading to a variety of elevated fats in the blood
32
What are the actions of lipid lowering agents?
- Lower serum levels of cholesterol and lipids | - Prevention of CAD
33
What do statins interfere with?
The synthesis of cholesterol- they work at the cellular level
34
What are the statins the drug of choice for?
Reducing LDL levels
35
What are the CNS adverse effects of statins?
- Headache - Dizziness - Blurred vision - Insomnia - Fatigue - Cataract development
36
What is an adverse effect of statins that effect the liver?
Liver failure
37
What is an adverse effect of statins that effect the GI tract?
- Flatulence - Abdominal pain - Cramps - Nausea/vomiting - Constipation
38
What is the contraindications to using statins?
- Active liver disease - history of alcoholic liver disease - Pregnancy or lactation
39
What do Bile Acid Sequestrants do?
Decrease plasma cholesterol levels
40
What is the indication that bile acid sequestrants need to be used?
Patients with primary hypercholesterolemia- reduces elevated serum cholesterol
41
What are the contraindications for using bile acid sequestrants?
- Complete bile obstruction - Abnormal intestinal function - Pregnancy and lactation
42
What is the prototype for bile acid sequestrants?
Cholestyramine
43
True or False: | Cholestyramine is absorbed systemically?
False it is not
44
What does HMG-CoA inhibitors block?
The enzyme HMG-CoA reductase decreasing serum cholesterol and LDL levels.
45
What is the contraindications to using HMG-CoA inhibitors?
Active liver disease History of alcoholic liver disease Pregnancy or lactation
46
What are the adverse effects of HMG-CoA inhibitors?
GI symptoms: Flatulence, abdominal pain CNS: Headache, dizziness, blurred vision Liver failure
47
What type of juice interacts with HMG-CoA inhibitors?
Grapefruit juice
48
What is the prototype for HMG-CoA inhibitors?
Atorvastatin
49
What is the route, onset, peak, and duration for Atorvastatin?
- Oral - Slow - 1-2 hours - 20 -30 hours
50
What does cholesterol absorption inhibitors do?
-Works in the brush border of the small intestine to inhibit the absorption of cholesterol
51
What should you use caution with if administering cholesterol absorption inhibitors?
- Elderly patients - Liver disease - Pregnancy or lactation
52
What are the adverse effects associated with cholesterol absorption inhibitors?
- Abdominal pain and diarrhea - Headache, dizziness, fatigue - URI - Back pain - Muscle aches and pain
53
What is the prototype for cholesterol absorption inhibitors?
Ezetimibe
54
What is the route, onset, and peak of Ezetimibe?
Oral Moderate 4-12 hours
55
What three agents are used to lower lipid levels?
- Niacin - Fenofibrates - Gemfibrozil

Cardiac (13 decks)

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