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Cardiac > Coronary Artery Disease > Flashcards

Coronary Artery Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is coronary artery disease also known as?

A

Ischemic heart disease

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2
Q

What can coronary artery disease be described as?

A

Impaired blood flow to myocardium

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3
Q

What is the leading cause of death in the United States for men and women of all racial and ethnic groups?

A

Cardiovascular disease

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4
Q

What is the percentage of deaths after an MI within the first hour?

A

60%

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5
Q

What is the percentage of death after an MI before hospitalization?

A

40%

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6
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Thickening and reduced elasticity of arterial walls

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7
Q

Atherosclerosis is a type of what?

A

Arteriosclerosis

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8
Q

What is the most common culprit of CAD?

A

Atherosclerosis

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9
Q

How is atherosclerosis described?

A

The abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits (LDL) and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and lumen

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10
Q

Where is the most common place for arteriosclerosis?

A

Vessels of heart

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11
Q

What is the usual first sign of coronary atherosclerosis?

A

Angina

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12
Q

What is occurring in coronary atherosclerosis?

A

Blockages and narrowing of the coronary vessels reduce blood flow to the myocardium

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13
Q

What is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease in adults?

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

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14
Q

True or False:

CAD is typically symptomatic that leads to sudden death?

A

False:

It is asymptomatic to sudden death

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15
Q

What deposits on plaque and initiates clot formation?

A

Platelets and fibrin

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16
Q

Where do blockages due to coronary artery disease mostly occur?

A

In the branching of the coronary arteries

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17
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors associated with coronary artery disease?

A

Advanced age
Male gender
Genetics

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18
Q

What are the three modifiable diseases a patient can have that increases their risks for coronary artery disease?

A

Hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Hyperlipidemia

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19
Q

What are the four modifiable risk factors that increases a patients risk for coronary artery disease?

A

Cigarette smoking
Obesity (diet)
Physical inactivity
Stress

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20
Q

What are the three emerging risk factors for coronary artery disease?

A

Elevated levels of homocysteine
Inflammatory processes
Metabolic syndrome

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21
Q

What is the protein associated with inflammatory processes?

A

C-reactive protein

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22
Q

What are the three risk factors for coronary artery disease that is unique to women?

A
  • Premature menopause
  • Oral contraceptive use
  • Hormone replacement therapy
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23
Q

What are the four things that blood flow is regulated by?

A
  • Aortic pressure
  • Heart Rate
  • Collateral circulation
  • Atherosclerosis
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24
Q

What type things can cause ischemia?

A

Increases oxygen demand

Inadequate oxygen supply

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25
Q

How is angina pectoris described?

A

A temporary and reversible imbalance between supply and demand of oxygen

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26
Q

What are the typical symptoms of angina?

A
  • Transient pain or pressure due to insufficient coronary blood flow
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypo or hyper -tension
  • Pallor and cool or clammy skin
27
Q

What are the three categories of angina?

A
  • Stable
  • Unstable
  • Prinzmetal
28
Q

What 5 factors do you need to assess for angina?

A
  • Description of symptoms
  • Info about history of CAD
  • Sex
  • Age
  • Number of risk factors present
29
Q

What is the first nursing intervention you need to do for a patient complaining of angina?

A

Administer oxygen

30
Q

What type of EKG should you conduct if a patient is experiencing angina pain?

A

12 lead

31
Q

Other than oxygen- what should you administer to a patient experiencing angina pain?

A

Nitrates and narcotics

32
Q

What do most patients say they were doing when they began experiencing angina pain?

A

Some sort of exercise

33
Q

What could you see on an ECG that would indicate a patient is experiencing an angina episode?

A

ST segment depression and T wave inversion

34
Q

What labs do you draw in a patient experiencing angina?

A 
Cardiac specific troponin and myoglobin
Coagulation studies
Full lipid profile
C-reactive protein
Homocysteine levels
35
Q

When do most people experience stable angina?

A

During exercise

36
Q

When do most people experience unstable angina?

A

During relaxation

37
Q

When does Prinzmetal angina typically occur?

A

In younger people, at rest, typically in the middle of the night

38
Q

What other diagnostic tests do you do for a patient experiencing angina?

A
  • Chest X-ray
  • Echocardiogram
  • MRI
  • Coronary computed tomographic angiography
  • Stress test
  • Invasice coronary angiography
39
Q

What is the main goal of treatment for angina?

A

Decrease myocardial oxygen demand and increase oxygen supply

40
Q

What are the two types of repercussion therapy?

A
  • Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

- Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

41
Q

What does PTCA stand for?

A

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

42
Q

What does CABG stand for?

A

Coronary artery bypass graft

43
Q

What should you always assess for I’m a patient that just had a PTCA?

A

Swelling, bleeding, and hematoma around the incision site

44
Q

Upon sheath removal what could occur as a vasovagal response?

A

Decrease heart rate with hypertension

45
Q

How long do you hold pressure to the incision site after sheath removal?

A

Minimum of 5 minutes

46
Q

What happens during a PTCA?

A

A balloon tipped catheter is threaded through the arteries. The plaque that is causing the occlusion gets smashed against the vessel. A stent can then be placed if necessary.

47
Q

What are the five conservative managements recommended for a patient with angina pectoris?

A 
Smoking cessation
Diet change
Exercise 
Hypertension control
Diabetes control
48
Q

What medication are prescribed to patients with angina pectoris?

A 
Nitroglycerin
Beta-adrenergic blocking agents
Calcium channel blocking agents
Drugs used to lower cholesterol
Antiplate/anticoagulant drugs
49
Q

What is the main difference occurring in the heart when comparing angina and myocardial infarction?

A

Heart muscle damage

Angina typically has none and MI typically has damage

50
Q

True or False:

A patient who is experiencing angina should expect to have pain relief after resting and taking nitroglycerin

A

True

51
Q

How is acute myocardial infarction described?

A

Chest pain that is sudden and not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin

52
Q

What could cause a myocardial infarction?

A

Unstable angina

53
Q

What is the definition of myocardial infarction?

A

Acute cardiac ischemia leading to cardiac tissue death. May lead to cardiac failure and ultimately death if lead untreated.

54
Q

What is a STEMI?

A

ST elevation myocardial infarction

55
Q

Where do more MIs occur?

A

In the Left anterior deceasing artery

AKA widow maker

56
Q

What are the five things you need to administer NOW to a patient experiencing an MI?

A 
MONA:
Morphine
Oxygen 
Nitroglycerin
Aspirin
57
Q

What are the cardiac makers tested in a patient experiencing a myocardial infarction?
AKA A cardiac injury panel:

A

Creatine kinase MB: CK-MB
Troponin I and T
Myoglobin

58
Q

What typically happens to a patient ECG when they are experiencing a myocardial infarction?

A

ST elevation, T wave inversion, and new bizarre looking Q wave.

59
Q

What are the type main side effects of nitroglycerin?

A

Headache and dizziness

60
Q

After a patient has a undergone a heart catheterization- how frequently should you assess their vital signs?

A

Every 15 minutes

61
Q

What occurs during a CABG?

A

A bypass of the occluded artery is surgically done. A vein taking from a leg is connected to the Aorta and a place in the heart to bypass the occluded artery.

62
Q

Why would a patient who is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction have decreased urine output?

A

Due to the kidneys not getting enough blood flow

63
Q

What are the two nursing diagnoses associated with an acute myocardial infarction?

A

Ineffective tissue perfusion and Deficient Knowledge.

64
Q

What are the two lifestyle changes that a patient needs to enact once they experience a myocardial infarction?

A

Diet (reduction of salt and cholesterol)

Exercise

Cardiac (13 decks)

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