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Cardiac > Heart Failure > Flashcards

Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What is going on during heart failure?

A

The heart is unable to pump enough blood to perfuse and meet body’s needs for oxygen and nutrients.

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2
Q

In what two ways can the heart be insufficient during heart failure?

A
  • Insufficient filling with blood

- Insufficient ability to pump the blood

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3
Q

What can heart failure lead to?

A

A drop in cardiac out put

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4
Q

How is preload described?

A

The degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole.
*Think VOLUME

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5
Q

How is after load described?

A

The resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle.

*Think PRESSURE

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6
Q

What is the equation for Cardiac Output (CO)

A

CO= Heart Rate (HR) x SV (Stoke Volume)

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7
Q

How is stroke volume described?

A

The amount of blood pumped per stroke

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8
Q

Cardiac output is described as what?

A

The amount of blood pumped from the ventricle per minute

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9
Q

The ejection fraction is described as?

A

Percent of blood ejected by the ventricle during systole

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10
Q

What is the typical range for the ejection fraction to fall into?

A

55-65%

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11
Q

If the heart experiences a small stretch what will the corresponding contraction be like?

A

It will also be small

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12
Q

If the heart experiences a large stretch what will the corresponding contraction be like?

A

It will also be large

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13
Q

What are the three primary compensatory mechanisms?

A

Frank-Starling mechanism
Neuroendocrine responses
Myocardial hypertrophy

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14
Q

When you think of LEFT sided heart failure what do you associate it with?

A

LUNGS

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15
Q

When you think of Right sided heart failure what do you associate it with?

A

The REST of the body

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16
Q

What is the first two things that become starved of oxygen when a patient is experiencing left sided heart failure?

A

The heart and BRAIN

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17
Q

What occurs from severe left sided heart failure?

A

Pulmonary edema

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18
Q

If a patient is experiencing systolic heart failure what can the heart not do?

A

Can’t eject blood

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19
Q

If a patient is experiencing diastolic heart failure what can the heart not do?

A

Cant fill with blood

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20
Q

Right sided heart failure is described as?

A

The right ventricle cannot eject sufficient amounts of blood causing the blood to back up in the venous system.

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21
Q

Left sided heart failure is described as?

A

The left ventricle cannot pump blood effectively to the systemic circulation causing blood to back up in the lungs.

22
Q

Chronic heart failure is frequently what?

A

Biventricular

23
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Activity intolerance
  • Dizziness
  • Syncope
  • Dyspnea
  • Orthopnea
  • Rales or wheezes
24
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of right-sided heart failure?

A
  • Edema in feet, legs, and sacrum
  • Anorexia
  • Nausea
  • Right upper quadrant pain
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Jugular Vein Distention
  • Nocturia
25
Q

Why would a patient experience right upper quadrant pain if they have right-sided heart failure?

A

Because blood is backing up in the liver

26
Q

What are the three causes for heart failure?

A

Impaired myocardium
Increased cardiac workload
Acute non cardiac conditions

27
Q

What are the three conditions that can cause an impaired myocardium that leads to heart failure?

A

Coronary Artery Disease
Myocardial Infarctions
Cardiomyopathies

28
Q

What are the four conditions that can cause an increased cardiac workload that leads to heart failure?

A

Hypertension
Valvular disorders
Anemia
Congenital defects

29
Q

What are the four acute non cardiac conditions that could lead to heart failure?

A

Hyperthyroidism
Volume overload
Fever
Massive Pulmonary Edema

30
Q

What types of cardiovascular conditions are risk factors for heart failure?

A

Coronary Artery Disease
Hypertension
Prior MIs

31
Q

True or false:

Cardiotoxic drugs do not increase a patients risk for heart failure.

A

False

32
Q

Why would diabetes mellitus be a risk factor for heart failure?

A

Due to the blood viscosity changes causing micro and macro vesicular changes.

33
Q

Which race and gender is more likely to have heart failure?

A

African American males

34
Q

What are the four abdominal complications that a patient could experience when in heart failure?

A
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Splenomegaly
  • Ascites
  • Impaired liver function
35
Q

When experiencing heart failure: what are the cardiac and pulmonary complications that could develop?

A

Dysrhythmias
Further decreasing cardiac output
Acute pulmonary edema

36
Q

What can result from pulmonary edema?

A

hypoxemia

37
Q

How do the alveoli cause pulmonary edema?

A

The alveoli cause third spacing so they do not pop open causing pulmonary edema

38
Q

What are the 4 main goals of care for heart failure?

A
  • Slow progression
  • Reduce cardiac workload
  • Improve cardiac function
  • Control fluid retention
39
Q

What is a TEE?

A

Transesophogeal echocardiogram

40
Q

Why would you do a thyroid function test when trying to diagnose heart failure?

A

Hypothyroidism could be the cause

41
Q

How many pounds can a patient gain in 24-48 hours due to heart failure?

A

10-15 lbs

42
Q

Why would you need to monitor I and Os as well as a patients weight daily if they are in heart failure?

A

Because the patient is experiencing edema throughout their body so you want to reduce the patients weight.

43
Q

What ways does a patient who is experiencing heart failure need to change their diet?

A

Sodium-restricted diet

Fluid restriction

44
Q

In a patient who is experiencing heart failure: how long do they need to wait to exercise and what type of exercise program should they partake in?

A
  • Wait 2 hours after eating before doing physical activity

- Moderate, progressive activity program

45
Q

Where in the lungs should you listen to initial signs of pulmonary edema and with which part of the stethoscope?

A

The base of the lungs and with the bell of the stethoscope

46
Q

Why should you instruct a patient about coronary artery disease when they are diagnosed with heart failure?

A

It is the most common underlying cause of heart failure

47
Q

Where do you need to focus on when doing a physical examination on a heart failure patient?

A

Respiratory
Cardiac (rate, rhythm, peripheral pulses, S3)
Edema or Ascites
Skin

48
Q

What are the four diagnoses that belong in the heart failure category?

A
  • Decreased Cardiac Output
  • Excess Fluid Volume
  • Activity Intolerance
  • Deficient Knowledge related to low-sodium diet
49
Q

When a patient is diagnosed with heart failure and discharged to go home: When should they contact their doctor or go back to the hospital?

A

When they have gained more than 3 pounds in a day or if they have difficulty breathing.

50
Q

Why would you measure and record a patients abdominal girth when they are diagnosed with heart failure?

A

To monitor for ascites

Cardiac (13 decks)

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