Limbic System and Physiology of Emotion [0 questions on exam]

Question 1

What are the 4 interconnected structures that make up the Papez circuit?

Answer 1

hypothalamus with its mamillary bodies,
anterior thalamic nuclei
cingulate gyrus,
hippocampus.

Question 2

Cortical operations such as awareness, planning, predictions, etc. funnel through the ______ to the hypothalamus, where they generate emotional effects,

Answer 2

cingulate

Question 3

Hypothalamic activity is also fed through the ______ back to the cingulate and cortex, allowing emotional effects to feedback on and influence cortical function.

Answer 3

mamillothalamic tract

Question 4

how does the brain create valence?

Answer 4

higher order feedforward mechanisms predict appetitive v. aversive events and engage more complex behaviors accordingly

Question 5

Define emotion

Answer 5

the complex psychophysiological experience of an individual’s state of mind, interacting with environmental influences

Question 6

emotion fundamentally involves anticipation of appetitive or aversive events, via links between:

Answer 6

1) physiological arousal
2) expressive behaviors (facial), actions, and action
tendencies
3) conscious experience (feelings), sensations, perceptions

Question 7

Define cognition

Answer 7

Refers to a faculty for the processing of information, applying knowledge, and changing preferences.

It includes such processes as memory, attention, language, problem solving, and planning.

Question 8

Moods, like emotions, are ______. However, an emotion tends to have a clear focus (i.e. its cause is self-evident, while a mood tends to be more ________

Answer 8

affective states,

unfocused and diffuse.

Question 9

Memories of emotional experiences are imprinted in the strengths of synaptic connections in the _______ of the amygdalae, collectively referred to as the basolateral amygdala (BLA)

Answer 9

lateral nuclei

Question 10

basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons can elicit fear behavior through connections with the _______ of the amygdalae (the CEA) and the related bed nuclei of _________.

Answer 10

central nucleus,
 stria terminalis (BNST).

Question 11

The ________ are involved in the genesis of many fear responses, including freezing (immobility), tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), increased respiration, and stress-hormone release.

Answer 11

central nuclei

Question 12

the Central nucleus of the amygdala is the main _______ structure of the amygdala

Answer 12

output

Question 13

the output cells of the Central nucleus of the amygdala

are ________

Answer 13

GABAnergic

Question 14

The central nucleus (CEA) mediates _______ of emotional responses

Answer 14

expression

Question 15

the “defensive response” to a threatening stimulus consists of elevated heart rate (mediated by the ____) and a “freeze state” (mediated by the_____), both of which receive input from the central nucleus of the amygdala

Answer 15

lateral hypothalamus,

central gray

Question 16

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (a derivative of the central nucleus of the amygdala) mediates the release of _________

Answer 16

pituitary-adrenal stress hormone (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, CRH)

Question 17

The amygdalae are also involved in appetitive (positive) conditioning.Those cells involved in appetitive, or reward-related conditioning appear to project to the _______ in the ventral striatum, whereas those that are involved in fear or aversive conditioning project to the ________.

Answer 17

nucleus accumbens,

CEA

Question 18

the _________may modulate intercalated cell masses (ICM) activity either directly or indirectly (i.e., via the BLA) and thereby gate amygdala throughput and suppress triggering of fear responses in extinction.

Answer 18

medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)

Question 19

the Iowa Gambling Task suggested that the _______ is necessary for the prediction of consequences, but not necessary for registering the actual consequences.

Answer 19

Ventromedial Prefrontal Frontal Cortex VMPFC

Question 20

the Iowa Gambling Task suggested that subjects with _______ damage had impairments in registering the emotional impact of rewards and punishments caused by specific behaviors.

Answer 20

amygdala