Limbic

Question 1

Limbus location

Answer 1

Medially and centrally in CNS

Question 2

Limbic system extends from

Answer 2

Forebrain to brainstem

Question 3

Olfaction

Answer 3

Olfactory cortex

Question 4

Memory

Answer 4

Hippocampal formation

Question 5

Emotions and drives

Answer 5

Amygdala

Question 6

Homeostasis

Answer 6

Hypothalamus

Question 7

Medial structures

Answer 7

Cingulate gurus

Parahippocampal gurus

Question 8

Lateral structures

Answer 8

Temporal pole
Anterior insular cortex
Orbital frontal gyros

Question 9

Inferior view

Answer 9

Parahippcampal gyrus
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Orbiofrontal gyri

Question 10

Primary olfactory cortex

Answer 10

Piriform cortex
Periamygdaloid cortex
—> aydgala and olfactory tubercles - emotion and motivational aspect of smell

Question 11

Secondary olfactory areas

Answer 11

Entorhinal cortex - evoke memories

Orbitofrontal olfactory area - olfactory discrimination

Question 12

Two main areas for memory formation

Answer 12

• medial temporal lobe memory area -

- medial diencephalon memory area

Question 13

Medial temporal lobe memory area

Answer 13

Hippocampal formation

Parahippocampal gyrus

Question 14

Medial diencephalon memory area

Answer 14

Mediodorsal nucleus
Anterior nuclues
Mammillary bodies

Question 15

Parahippocampal formation

Answer 15

S shaped

1. Dentate gyrus
2. Hippocpamus
3. Subiculum

Question 16

Parahippocampal gyrus

Answer 16

Entorhinal cortex - input and output relay b/n association cortex and hippocampal formation

Perirhinal cortex - lateral to entorhinal cortex

Question 17

Input to medial temporal lobe areas

Answer 17

Association vortices —> medial temporal structures —> entorhinal cortex—> medial temporal structures

Process and consolidate memory

Question 18

Memories stored

Answer 18

Higher order association cortex

Question 19

Output from medial temporal lobe areas - hippocampal

Answer 19

Subiculum

Question 20

Output from medial temporal lobe - back to association cortex

Answer 20

Entorhinal cortex

Question 21

Output from medial temporal lobe areas - via fornix

Answer 21

To mammillary bodies
To diencephalic nuclei
To septal nuclei
To amygdala

Question 22

Declarative memory

Answer 22

Explicit

Conscious recollection of facts or events/experience

Question 23

Nondeclarative memory

Answer 23

Implicit

Nonconscious recollection of skills, habits, other acquired behaviors

Question 24

Amnesia

Answer 24

Declarative memory loss

Question 25

Selective loss of declarative memory - lesion

Answer 25

To bilateral medial temporal lobe or | Bilateral medial diencephalic lesion

Question 26

Unilateral lesion of medial temporal memory area of medial diencephalic memory area

Answer 26

Usually don’t produce severe memory loss

Question 27

Working memory

Answer 27

Limited amount of info briefly in awareness 1-2 mins *these fx must be intact for info to be converted into declarative memory

Question 28

Short-term memory

Answer 28

Recal info that was presented recently | 5-60 mins

Question 29

Long term memory

Answer 29

Recall info learned some time ago Beyond 60 mins

Question 30

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 30

Forming new memories after injury

Question 31

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 31

Loss of memories from a period of time before injury

Question 32

Lesion: combo of antero and retro amnesia

Answer 32

Bilateral temporal memory areas or | Bilateral medial diencephalic memory areas

Question 33

Retrograde amneisa suggests that

Answer 33

Recent memories are dependent on normal fox of medial temporal and diecephalic structures Remote memories are not

Question 34

Infarcts to distal branches of PCA

Answer 34

Medial temporal lobes

Question 35

Infarcts to paramedical thalamoperforator arteries (off initial PCA)

Answer 35

Medial thalamus nuclie

Question 36

Infarct at top of basilar artery

Answer 36

Cause either bilateral medial temporal or diecephalic anoxia

Question 37

Anterior choroid (ICA) and posterior choroidal (PCA)

Answer 37

Supply parts of hippocampus and thalamus

Question 38

Wrnicke’s korsakoff syndrome

Answer 38

B1 (thiamine) deficiency Chronic alcoholics TPN Mammillary bodies and medial diencephalic nuclie If survive - anterograde and retrograde amnesia (bilateral diencephalic nuclei)

Question 39

Amygdala

Answer 39

Attaching emotional sig to stimuli and memories

Question 40

Lesion / removal of amygdala

Answer 40

Flattened emotions and/or placid behavior

Question 41

Stim/seizures to amygdala

Answer 41

Fear, panic, anxiety, rage, aggression

Question 42

Bilateral amygdalaectomy

Answer 42

Can profoundly reduce fear - emotion changes - psychic blindness - hyperorality - Hypermetamorphosis - Hyper sexuality

Question 43

Schizophrenia

Answer 43

Chronic, severe, Hallucinations, flat effect, etc Bilateral decrease in amygdala, hippocampal formation, parahippocampal gyrus Abnormal: limbic system, frontal lobe, basal ganglia Dopamine Glutamine, GABA, serotonin, and or NE Most likely combo of anatomy and NT

Question 44

OCD

Answer 44

Recurrent, unwanted through, Relative behaviors Increased basal ganglia, anterior cingulate gyrus, oribtofrontal cortex Serotonin

Question 45

Anxiety disorder

Answer 45

increase NE and serotonin Controlled by denzodiazephines Increased activity in anterior Cingular’s and temporal cortices

Question 46

Depression

Answer 46

NE, serotonin, DA system Increase in cortisol Decrease global activity in frontal Decrease cells in prefrontal cortex Global decrease in cerebral cortex Decreased hippocampal vol