Limbic Flashcards
Limbus location
Medially and centrally in CNS
Limbic system extends from
Forebrain to brainstem
Olfaction
Olfactory cortex
Memory
Hippocampal formation
Emotions and drives
Amygdala
Homeostasis
Hypothalamus
Medial structures
Cingulate gurus
Parahippocampal gurus
Lateral structures
Temporal pole
Anterior insular cortex
Orbital frontal gyros
Inferior view
Parahippcampal gyrus
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Orbiofrontal gyri
Primary olfactory cortex
Piriform cortex
Periamygdaloid cortex
—> aydgala and olfactory tubercles - emotion and motivational aspect of smell
Secondary olfactory areas
Entorhinal cortex - evoke memories
Orbitofrontal olfactory area - olfactory discrimination
Two main areas for memory formation
- medial temporal lobe memory area -
- medial diencephalon memory area
Medial temporal lobe memory area
Hippocampal formation
Parahippocampal gyrus
Medial diencephalon memory area
Mediodorsal nucleus
Anterior nuclues
Mammillary bodies
Parahippocampal formation
S shaped
- Dentate gyrus
- Hippocpamus
- Subiculum
Parahippocampal gyrus
Entorhinal cortex - input and output relay b/n association cortex and hippocampal formation
Perirhinal cortex - lateral to entorhinal cortex
Input to medial temporal lobe areas
Association vortices —> medial temporal structures —> entorhinal cortex—> medial temporal structures
Process and consolidate memory
Memories stored
Higher order association cortex
Output from medial temporal lobe areas - hippocampal
Subiculum
Output from medial temporal lobe - back to association cortex
Entorhinal cortex
Output from medial temporal lobe areas - via fornix
To mammillary bodies
To diencephalic nuclei
To septal nuclei
To amygdala
Declarative memory
Explicit
Conscious recollection of facts or events/experience
Nondeclarative memory
Implicit
Nonconscious recollection of skills, habits, other acquired behaviors
Amnesia
Declarative memory loss
Selective loss of declarative memory - lesion
To bilateral medial temporal lobe or
Bilateral medial diencephalic lesion
Unilateral lesion of medial temporal memory area of medial diencephalic memory area
Usually don’t produce severe memory loss
Working memory
Limited amount of info briefly in awareness
1-2 mins
*these fx must be intact for info to be converted into declarative memory
Short-term memory
Recal info that was presented recently
5-60 mins
Long term memory
Recall info learned some time ago
Beyond 60 mins
Anterograde amnesia
Forming new memories after injury
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memories from a period of time before injury
Lesion: combo of antero and retro amnesia
Bilateral temporal memory areas or
Bilateral medial diencephalic memory areas
Retrograde amneisa suggests that
Recent memories are dependent on normal fox of medial temporal and diecephalic structures
Remote memories are not
Infarcts to distal branches of PCA
Medial temporal lobes
Infarcts to paramedical thalamoperforator arteries (off initial PCA)
Medial thalamus nuclie
Infarct at top of basilar artery
Cause either bilateral medial temporal or diecephalic anoxia
Anterior choroid (ICA) and posterior choroidal (PCA)
Supply parts of hippocampus and thalamus
Wrnicke’s korsakoff syndrome
B1 (thiamine) deficiency
Chronic alcoholics
TPN
Mammillary bodies and medial diencephalic nuclie
If survive - anterograde and retrograde amnesia (bilateral diencephalic nuclei)
Amygdala
Attaching emotional sig to stimuli and memories
Lesion / removal of amygdala
Flattened emotions and/or placid behavior
Stim/seizures to amygdala
Fear, panic, anxiety, rage, aggression
Bilateral amygdalaectomy
Can profoundly reduce fear
- emotion changes
- psychic blindness
- hyperorality
- Hypermetamorphosis
- Hyper sexuality
Schizophrenia
Chronic, severe,
Hallucinations, flat effect, etc
Bilateral decrease in amygdala, hippocampal formation, parahippocampal gyrus
Abnormal: limbic system, frontal lobe, basal ganglia
Dopamine
Glutamine, GABA, serotonin, and or NE
Most likely combo of anatomy and NT
OCD
Recurrent, unwanted through,
Relative behaviors
Increased basal ganglia, anterior cingulate gyrus, oribtofrontal cortex
Serotonin
Anxiety disorder
increase NE and serotonin
Controlled by denzodiazephines
Increased activity in anterior Cingular’s and temporal cortices
Depression
NE, serotonin, DA system
Increase in cortisol
Decrease global activity in frontal
Decrease cells in prefrontal cortex
Global decrease in cerebral cortex
Decreased hippocampal vol