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Neuro Anatomy > Higher Order > Flashcards

Higher Order Flashcards

1
Q

Majority of brain surface is

A

Association Cortez

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2
Q

Two types of association cortex

A

Unimodal

Heteromodal

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3
Q

Unimodal association cortex

A

Input from primary sensory cortex of SPECIFIC MODALITY

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4
Q

Heteromodal association cortex

A

HIGHEST ORDER MENTAL FUNCTIONS

Bidirectional connect w/ both motor and sensory association cortex of all modalities and w/ limbic cortex

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5
Q

Left hemisphere functions

A

Praxis
Language
Arithmetic ability

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6
Q

Praxis

A

Skilled motor tasks

Lesion of dominant hemisphere—apraxia

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7
Q

Language

A

Left hemisphere

Certain areas of temporal (post wernicke’s) often 50% larger in left

Lesion to left language area— language dysnfction in left handed individuals

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8
Q

Right hemisphere function

A

Visual-spatial analysis and spatial attention
Prosody (imparting emotional sig to language - tone, rhythm, etc)
Musical ability

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9
Q

What happens when we hear a word and then repeat it aloud?

A

Auditory info to primary auditory cortex —>comprehended in werknicke’s —>transfer of info to broca’s

Communicate w/ each other via arcuate fasciculus

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10
Q

Broca’s area

A

Motor programming of speech
Formulates sequences of sounds
Activates nearby oral area of PMC
Words converted back to sounds

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11
Q

Broca’s connects w/

A

Prefrontal and premotor cortex and supplementary motor areas —correct syntax

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12
Q

Wernicke’s connects w/

A

Supramarginal and angular gyrus of parietal lobe, temporal lobe — correct lexicon

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13
Q

Reading

A

Visual info to PVC—> processed in visual association cortex —> travels ant to reach wernicke’s

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14
Q

Non dominant hemisphere contribution to language

A

Recognition and production of affective elements of speech

Lesion — difficulty in judging intended expression by tone of others voice, difficulty in producing emotionally appropriate expression in one’s own voice

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15
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairment of language
Dysfunction of dominant hemisphere
Spoken and written affected

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16
Q

Dysarthria

A

Impaired speech - mechanism for speech damaged

Caused by lesion in CB tract, CN nuclei/nerves V, VII, IX, X, XII, cerebellum, BG, muscles involved in speech production

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17
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Lesion to broca’s and adjacent structures in dominant frontal lobe
Impaired language production - perch is slow, telegraphic, writing/reading aloud also slow

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18
Q

Common etiology - broca’s aphasia

A

Infarct of L MCA superior division

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19
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Lesion of wernicke and adjacent structures in dominant temporoparietal lobe

Impaired language comprehension - speech is meaningless and nonsensical areas

Writing/reading out loud also fluent but meaningless paraphasic errors

Production relatively intact

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20
Q

Global aphasia

A

Impaired fluency
Impaired comprehension
Impaired repetition

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21
Q

Most common etiology - wernicke’s aphasia

A

Infarct of L MCA inferior division

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22
Q

Most common etiology - global aphasia

A

large L MCA infarct - includes superior and inferior division

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23
Q

Anomia

A

Difficulty in recalling names/words

Normal fluency, comprehension, repetition w/ naming difficulties and occasional paraphasias

Naming is often first function to be impaired and often last function to recover in language disorders

24
Q

Apraxia (ideomotor)

A

Disconnect exists b/n idea of movement and motor execution —inability to carry out an action in response to verbal command, despite intact comprehension, motor/sensory pathways, coordination

25
Q

1/3 of pts w/ aphasia have

A

Some aparaxia

26
Q

Ideomotor apraxia usually caused by

A

Lesion of left frontal association cortex, particularly the premotor cortex and supplemental motor areas

27
Q

Normal spatial attention

A

Left hemisphere responds to stimuli on right, right responses to stim on left

Right hemisphere responds strongly to both left and right sided stim, resulting in very slight left attention bias

28
Q

Right hemi lesion (spatial attention)

A

Left is still able to attend to right sided stim, but there is SEVERE DEFICIT IN ATTENTION TO LEFT STIDED STIM

29
Q

Left hemi lesion (spatial awareness)

A

Right hemi still attend to right sided stim —> minimal/ no deficit in attention to right sided stim

30
Q

Spatial analysis - parietal association cortex

A

Junction of parietal, temporal, occipital lobes — dorsal stream (where) which analyzies location and motion of visual objects in space

31
Q

Lesion of right parietal association cortex

A

Cause problems w/ spatial analysis

32
Q

Hemineglect - lesion

A

Right parietal or right frontal cortex

33
Q

Hemineglect

A

Profound neglect for contralateral half of external world, sometimes for the contralateral half of the body

Commonly accompanied by anosognosia
Munch more pronounced and last longer w/ right hemi lesion

W/ large strokes, recovery can take weeks to over

34
Q

Anosognosia

A

Lack of awareness of the illness or that anything is wrong

35
Q

Indications of hemineglect

A 
Bumping into objects on one side
Prone to injuries on one side
Ignoring food on one side of plate
Grooming one side of face/body
Lack of movement of unilateral limbs
Unaware of deficits
36
Q

Sensory neglect

A

Hemineglect — ignore sensory stim in contralateral hemisphere.
Tactile neglect most common

37
Q

Motor-intentional neglect

A

Hemineglect — no movement or fewer movements in contralateral hemi

38
Q

Combined sensory and motor neglect

A

Hemineglect - pen and paper test

39
Q

Conceptual neglect

A

Hemineglect - internal representations of own bodies or of external world exhibit contralateral hemineglect.
Anosognosia

40
Q

right hemi lesions May also cause

A

Anosodiopharoia

Hemisamtognosis - deny half their body belongs to them

41
Q

Agnosia

A

Sensory association cortex

Inability to recognize objects when using a specific sense, even through the primary sensory cortex is intact

42
Q

Common w/ R hemi lesion

A

Asterognosis
Visual agnosia
Auditory agnosia

43
Q

Astereognosis

A

Inability to recognize objects by tough and manipulation

44
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Inability to recognized objects by vision

45
Q

Auditory agnosia

A

Inability to recognize types of sounds

46
Q

Problems commonly seen w/ R hemi brain damage

A

Anosognosia - overestimate ability, impulsive, poor judgement

Hemineglect
Agnosia
Mania/euphoria
Frequent mood changes

47
Q

Problems commonly seen w L hemi brain damage

A

Aware of deficit (realistic, cautious, slow and hesitant behavior, anxious)

Aphasia
Apraxia
Depression
Disorganized

48
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A
  • Restraint (inhibition of inappropriate behaviors)
  • Initiative (motivation to pursue positive/productive activities)
  • Order (correctly perform sequencing tasks and a variet of other cognitive operations)
49
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Largest part of frontal lobe - higher order heteromodal

Many bidirectional connections for higher order processing
Carry out function of goal oriented behaviors

50
Q

Micturition inhibitory area

A

Signals (via BS and sacral cord) to dethrone to prevent bladder from contracting

51
Q

Prefrontal cortex connections include

A

Association cortex from all lobes
PMC, supp motor areas and limbic cortex
Amygdala and hippocampal formation

52
Q

Frontal lobe dysfunction evidence

A

History - fam/others who have seen pts behavior
Behavior abnormalities
Mental status (attention and memory testing, perseveration. Word generation, abstract reasoning, judgement)
Frontal release signs
Frontal gait abnormalities

53
Q

Behavior abnormalities w/ frontal lobe dysfunctions

A 
Abulia
Disinhibition
Inappropriate jocularity
Limited insight and cofabulation
Utilizing behavior
Incontience w/ unconcern
54
Q

Inferior occipitotemporal cortex

A

Processes color and form involved in object ID and recognition

Specialized regions involved in recognizing faces, numbers, letters ratings, colors

55
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize people by looking at their faces

Pts can ID people by their clothes or voice

56
Q

Lesion causing prosopagnosis

A

Inferior occiptiotemporal cortex R>L

57
Q

One of the most common causes for neuro consultation is

A

acute change in mental status

Most common cause: toxic or metabolic disturbances of the brain

Neuro Anatomy (22 decks)

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