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Neuro Anatomy > Higher Order > Flashcards

Higher Order Flashcards

1
Q

Majority of brain surface is

A

Association Cortez

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2
Q

Two types of association cortex

A

Unimodal

Heteromodal

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3
Q

Unimodal association cortex

A

Input from primary sensory cortex of SPECIFIC MODALITY

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4
Q

Heteromodal association cortex

A

HIGHEST ORDER MENTAL FUNCTIONS

Bidirectional connect w/ both motor and sensory association cortex of all modalities and w/ limbic cortex

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5
Q

Left hemisphere functions

A

Praxis
Language
Arithmetic ability

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6
Q

Praxis

A

Skilled motor tasks

Lesion of dominant hemisphere—apraxia

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7
Q

Language

A

Left hemisphere

Certain areas of temporal (post wernicke’s) often 50% larger in left

Lesion to left language area— language dysnfction in left handed individuals

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8
Q

Right hemisphere function

A

Visual-spatial analysis and spatial attention
Prosody (imparting emotional sig to language - tone, rhythm, etc)
Musical ability

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9
Q

What happens when we hear a word and then repeat it aloud?

A

Auditory info to primary auditory cortex —>comprehended in werknicke’s —>transfer of info to broca’s

Communicate w/ each other via arcuate fasciculus

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10
Q

Broca’s area

A

Motor programming of speech
Formulates sequences of sounds
Activates nearby oral area of PMC
Words converted back to sounds

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11
Q

Broca’s connects w/

A

Prefrontal and premotor cortex and supplementary motor areas —correct syntax

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12
Q

Wernicke’s connects w/

A

Supramarginal and angular gyrus of parietal lobe, temporal lobe — correct lexicon

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13
Q

Reading

A

Visual info to PVC—> processed in visual association cortex —> travels ant to reach wernicke’s

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14
Q

Non dominant hemisphere contribution to language

A

Recognition and production of affective elements of speech

Lesion — difficulty in judging intended expression by tone of others voice, difficulty in producing emotionally appropriate expression in one’s own voice

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15
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairment of language
Dysfunction of dominant hemisphere
Spoken and written affected

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16
Q

Dysarthria

A

Impaired speech - mechanism for speech damaged

Caused by lesion in CB tract, CN nuclei/nerves V, VII, IX, X, XII, cerebellum, BG, muscles involved in speech production

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17
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Lesion to broca’s and adjacent structures in dominant frontal lobe
Impaired language production - perch is slow, telegraphic, writing/reading aloud also slow

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18
Q

Common etiology - broca’s aphasia

A

Infarct of L MCA superior division

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19
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Lesion of wernicke and adjacent structures in dominant temporoparietal lobe

Impaired language comprehension - speech is meaningless and nonsensical areas

Writing/reading out loud also fluent but meaningless paraphasic errors

Production relatively intact

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20
Q

Global aphasia

A

Impaired fluency
Impaired comprehension
Impaired repetition

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21
Q

Most common etiology - wernicke’s aphasia

A

Infarct of L MCA inferior division

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22
Q

Most common etiology - global aphasia

A

large L MCA infarct - includes superior and inferior division

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23
Q

Anomia

A

Difficulty in recalling names/words

Normal fluency, comprehension, repetition w/ naming difficulties and occasional paraphasias

Naming is often first function to be impaired and often last function to recover in language disorders

24
Q

Apraxia (ideomotor)

A

Disconnect exists b/n idea of movement and motor execution —inability to carry out an action in response to verbal command, despite intact comprehension, motor/sensory pathways, coordination

25
1/3 of pts w/ aphasia have
Some aparaxia
26
Ideomotor apraxia usually caused by
Lesion of left frontal association cortex, particularly the premotor cortex and supplemental motor areas
27
Normal spatial attention
Left hemisphere responds to stimuli on right, right responses to stim on left Right hemisphere responds strongly to both left and right sided stim, resulting in very slight left attention bias
28
Right hemi lesion (spatial attention)
Left is still able to attend to right sided stim, but there is SEVERE DEFICIT IN ATTENTION TO LEFT STIDED STIM
29
Left hemi lesion (spatial awareness)
Right hemi still attend to right sided stim —> minimal/ no deficit in attention to right sided stim
30
Spatial analysis - parietal association cortex
Junction of parietal, temporal, occipital lobes — dorsal stream (where) which analyzies location and motion of visual objects in space
31
Lesion of right parietal association cortex
Cause problems w/ spatial analysis
32
Hemineglect - lesion
Right parietal or right frontal cortex
33
Hemineglect
Profound neglect for contralateral half of external world, sometimes for the contralateral half of the body Commonly accompanied by anosognosia Munch more pronounced and last longer w/ right hemi lesion W/ large strokes, recovery can take weeks to over
34
Anosognosia
Lack of awareness of the illness or that anything is wrong
35
Indications of hemineglect
``` Bumping into objects on one side Prone to injuries on one side Ignoring food on one side of plate Grooming one side of face/body Lack of movement of unilateral limbs Unaware of deficits ```
36
Sensory neglect
Hemineglect — ignore sensory stim in contralateral hemisphere. Tactile neglect most common
37
Motor-intentional neglect
Hemineglect — no movement or fewer movements in contralateral hemi
38
Combined sensory and motor neglect
Hemineglect - pen and paper test
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Conceptual neglect
Hemineglect - internal representations of own bodies or of external world exhibit contralateral hemineglect. Anosognosia
40
right hemi lesions May also cause
Anosodiopharoia | Hemisamtognosis - deny half their body belongs to them
41
Agnosia
Sensory association cortex | Inability to recognize objects when using a specific sense, even through the primary sensory cortex is intact
42
Common w/ R hemi lesion
Asterognosis Visual agnosia Auditory agnosia
43
Astereognosis
Inability to recognize objects by tough and manipulation
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Visual agnosia
Inability to recognized objects by vision
45
Auditory agnosia
Inability to recognize types of sounds
46
Problems commonly seen w/ R hemi brain damage
Anosognosia - overestimate ability, impulsive, poor judgement Hemineglect Agnosia Mania/euphoria Frequent mood changes
47
Problems commonly seen w L hemi brain damage
Aware of deficit (realistic, cautious, slow and hesitant behavior, anxious) Aphasia Apraxia Depression Disorganized
48
Frontal lobe functions
- Restraint (inhibition of inappropriate behaviors) - Initiative (motivation to pursue positive/productive activities) - Order (correctly perform sequencing tasks and a variet of other cognitive operations)
49
Prefrontal cortex
Largest part of frontal lobe - higher order heteromodal Many bidirectional connections for higher order processing Carry out function of goal oriented behaviors
50
Micturition inhibitory area
Signals (via BS and sacral cord) to dethrone to prevent bladder from contracting
51
Prefrontal cortex connections include
Association cortex from all lobes PMC, supp motor areas and limbic cortex Amygdala and hippocampal formation
52
Frontal lobe dysfunction evidence
History - fam/others who have seen pts behavior Behavior abnormalities Mental status (attention and memory testing, perseveration. Word generation, abstract reasoning, judgement) Frontal release signs Frontal gait abnormalities
53
Behavior abnormalities w/ frontal lobe dysfunctions
``` Abulia Disinhibition Inappropriate jocularity Limited insight and cofabulation Utilizing behavior Incontience w/ unconcern ```
54
Inferior occipitotemporal cortex
Processes color and form involved in object ID and recognition Specialized regions involved in recognizing faces, numbers, letters ratings, colors
55
Prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize people by looking at their faces | Pts can ID people by their clothes or voice
56
Lesion causing prosopagnosis
Inferior occiptiotemporal cortex R>L
57
One of the most common causes for neuro consultation is
acute change in mental status Most common cause: toxic or metabolic disturbances of the brain

Neuro Anatomy (22 decks)

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