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MSK Test 1 > Limb Development > Flashcards

Limb Development Flashcards

1
Q

when do limb buds form

A

4th week

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2
Q

when do digits form

A

8th week

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3
Q

when does primary ossification occur

A

12th week

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4
Q

where does cartilage, bone, and connective tissue come from

A

somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

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5
Q

limb forming mesoderm releases what

A

FGF 10

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6
Q

FGF-10 stimulates what

A

thickening of surface ectoderm to apical ectoderm ridge

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7
Q

Apical ectoderm ridge releases what

A

FGF 8 and FGF 4

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8
Q

stylopod is most proximal region of limb bud makes what

A

humerus and femur

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9
Q

zeugopod makes what

A

radius/ulna or tibia/fibula

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10
Q

auto pod makes what

A

carpels, metacarpals, digits

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11
Q

hand and foot plates and chondrification center made when

A

5th week

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12
Q

digital rays of hands and limb skeleton is completely cartilaginous

A

6th week

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13
Q

digital rays of feet, osteogenesis of long bones, and rotation of limbs

A

7th week

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14
Q

separate digits are formed due to apoptosis; due to BMP family

A

8th week

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15
Q

limb musculature

A

derived from dorsolateral cells of somites; MYOTOMES

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16
Q

where does upper limb bud form

A

cervical region

17
Q

leg limb buds form from where

A

lumbar and thoracic regions

18
Q

when do motor neurons (from neural tube/neuroectoderm) enter the limb buds

A

5th week

19
Q

sensory axons follow motor neurons and are are from what

A

neural crest cells

20
Q

how does upper limbs rotate during week 7

A

laterally 90

21
Q

how do lower limbs rotate during week 7

A

medially 90

22
Q

derived from the primary axial artery

A

brachial artery and common interosseous (upper limb) or deep artery of thigh

23
Q

proximo distal growth and patterning

A

AER releases FGF 8 and 4 after mesoderm stimulates with FGF 10; regulation by HOX genes

24
Q

dorso ventral patterning

A

ventral surface maintained by BMPs and dorsal by Wnt7; these signal set up the AER

25
Q

anterior-posterior patterning

A

established by the ZPA (zone of polarizing activity); Shh and retinoic acid signaling from ZPA stimulates posterior elements (little finger, ulna, digits 3 and 4)

26
Q

loss of ZPA signaling

A

loss of posterior elements (no pinky)

27
Q

up regulation of ZPA

A

additional posterior elements; polydactyly

MSK Test 1 (11 decks)

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