Diseases Flashcards
abnormal trophoblastic proliferation leading to too much hCG being produced; complete or partial; vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, large uterus; can lead to a choriocarcinoma
Hydatidiform Mole; complete is fertilization of empty oocyte and duplication of sperm of fertilization of empty oocyte by two sperm; partial is fertilization of normal oocyte by two sperm
Malignant tumor derived from hydatidiform mole; liver, lungs, vagina, intestines, bone, and brain
Choriocarcinomas
Jefferson Fracture
(burst fracture); fracture of both arches of atlas due to blow to head from top; usually will not hurt spinal cord
Hangman’s Fracture
Fracture of the vertebral arch of the axis (laminae)
Vertebral lamina fails to fuse and close off the vertebral canal; often in lower back but can be anywhere
Spina Bifida
the vertebral canal is too narrow and squeezes spinal cord or nerves
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
needle inserted between L3/L4 or L4/L5 at the iliac crests to prevent injury to the spinal cord; pops as passes through liagmentum flavum and passes into the lumbar cistern deep
Lumbar Puncture
L5 transverse process fuses in with the sacrum
Sacralization
Lateral curvature of spine
scoliosis
Whiplash Injury
excessive stretching and tearing of the anterior longitudinal ligament; recoil can cause hyper flexion as well
Spinal injury
Put the anterior longitudinal ligament in a state of extension; helps to realign the bones and spine
Disc Herniation
occurs posterolaterally; nucleus pulposus herniates through the annulus fibrosis; no support from ALL or PLL; L4/L5 and L5/S1 because bigger discs
Second Number Rule
spinal nerve affected is the second number of the pair for cervical and lumbar area
Back sprain
ligamentous attachment injury
Back strain
extensive stretching or tearing of the musculature
Spinal cord injury
C1-3 needs respirator; C4-5 can breathe but not use limbs; C6-8 cannot use hands and variable upper arm; T1-9 paralysis of lower limbs; T10-L1 some thigh muscle ability (walking?); L2-3 most lower leg function, can walk with small braces usually
Back pain
muscular, fibroskeletal, and joint (synovial)
clavicle fracture that is incomplete
Greenstick fracture
Colle’S Fracture
fall and break distal part of radius; also often styloid of ulna
compression of medial nerve In carpal tunnel
carpal tunnel syndrome
compression of ulnar nerve in guyon’s tunnel between pisiform and hammulus
Guyon’s canal syndrome
Distal phalanx fracture
fracture of distal phalanx often hurts nail bed, skin, etc.
inflammation of the subcutaneous olecranon bursa
miner’s elbow, dart thrower’s elbow, student’s elbow; excessive friction between skin and olecranon
sprain of lateral collateral L. of thumb
Bull rider’s thumb
laxity/rupture of medial and lateral collateral Ls. or just medial
Skier’s or Gamekeeper’s thumb
hyperflexion of distal interphalangeal joint can bring extensor tendon away from distal phalanx
Mallett or Baseball finger
shortening, thickening, and fibrosis of palmar aponeurosis and palmar fascia contracting fourth and fifth digits
Dupuytren Contracture
Injury to long thoracic nerve (serratus anterior M.) results in winging of scapula making it difficult to abduct the upper limbs
Winging of the scapula
benign proliferation; remnant of primitive streak due to cells of epiblast continuing to divide
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
slow growing aggressive bone neoplasms; arise from notochord; occur in axial skeleton (sphenoid-occipital region of skull)
Chordomas
Caudal neuropore does not close at appropriate time
Spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, and myelocele
delayed closing of caudal neuropore; vertebral (neural) arches did not fuse all the way together
spina bifida occulta
Cyst of meninges; dura mater makes cyst like protrusion out of back; no neural/vertebral arches; CSF in cyst
Meningocele
cyst of meninges with neural tube (spinal cord) protrusion into cyst; motor and sensory defects
Meningomyelocele
spinal cord is open and exposed through back; must surgically correct right after birth; motor and sensory deficits
Myelocele
failure of rostral neuropore to close properly; cannot live, no skull
Anencephaly
failure of rostral neuropore to close properly; without brain tissue involvement can be normal, if brain tissue present can have problems
Encephalocele
formation of an extra rib above rib 1; not fully developed and may or may not fully develop; cause thoracic outlet syndrome (compress brachial plexus or subclavian artery)
Cervical rib
Sternum protrusion with unknown cause; no known problems just looks weird as fuck
Pectus Carinatum or pigeon chest
sternum depression or funnel chest; can compress the heart and shift it over to one side (usually left); SOB and pain during exercise along with exercise intolerance
Pectus Excavatum
absence of migration of hypomere into chest; no pectorals major and minor forms; associated with syndactyly, absence of 2-4 ribs, ipsilateral breast hypoplasia; other muscles compensate
Poland syndrome
Partial or complete absence of abdominal musculature (from hypomere); affects males mainly; associated with cryptorchidism (failure of testes To descend) and malformations of urinary tract and bladder
Prune-Belly Syndrome
Bicipital tendon reflex
can be indicative of a problem with musculocutaneous N. or C5 and C6 anterior rami
repetitive movement of long head of bicep through intertubercular groove can inflame the tendon or even cause it to separate (Popeye deformity)
Biceps tendinitis
repetitive use of superficial extensor muscles leading to inflammation and pain over lateral humeral epicondyle and down the posterior forearm
Lateral epicondylitis or tennis elbow
lay hand flat and look for small area b/w extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
anatomical snuff box; both radial artery and superficial radial N. present
area susceptible to aneurysm in people with repeated rapid arm movements, and can compress brachial plexus resulting in pain or loss of sensation
Region 1 of axillary A.
