Life cycle Nutrition Flashcards by YAZAN SHAHAT

Key Stages In Life

Pregnancy → Infancy → Childhood → Adolescence → Adulthood → Old age

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Energy and nutrient requirements change through life and depend on many factors, such as:

age, gender, growth, development & level of activity

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(increased demand).
ايش معناها ؟

increase in nutrient needs

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Periods of intense growth and development, as: ???

during infancy, adolescence, pregnancy and lactation

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Nutrient needs stabilize during: ??

adulthood

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Older people may need more or less of same nutrients

True or false ???

True

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((Diet and Pregnancy))

Nutrition status of mother determines whether her
uterus will support the growth of …?

healthy placenta.

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((Diet and Pregnancy))

Nutrition status of mother determines whether her uterus will support the growth of healthy placenta.

ترجم المكتوب

تحدد الحالة التغذوية للأم ما إذا كان رحمها سيدعم نمو المشيمة الصحية ام لا

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((Diet and Pregnancy))

Good eating habits → ???

sustain fetal growth

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((Diet and Pregnancy))

Poor nutrition, underweight → risk of low birth weight baby (LBW - SGA) → affects growth, IQ & academic performance.

ترجم

التغذية السيئة للام وانخفاض وزنها تحت الطبيعي يؤدي الى احتمالية ان الرضيع يكون وزنه منخفض وان يكون تحت المنخفض وهذا يؤدي الى ضعف ذكاء الرضيع وادائه التعليمي

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Obesemother→risk of large sized baby (LGA)→CS and related problems.
ترجم

السمنه المفرطة للام قد يؤدي الى زيادة حجم الرضيع ومشاكل مصاحبة

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Pregnancy does’t need (additional caloric intake) to support recommended weight gain.

صح ولا خطا

خطا
Pregnancy needs (additional caloric intake) to support recommended weight gain.

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A healthy woman, eating a well-balanced diet, would take
about………… months to recover from the nutrition cost of a
previous pregnancy.

كم عدد الاشهر

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((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy))

-Adequate fibre, vegetables & fruits to prevent constipation.

-Increase fluid intake (about 3 L /day) to avoid dehydration.

صح ولا خطا

صح

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(((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy)))

Calories:

about 2500/day

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Women in 1st trimester should continue to eat normally

Calories (about 2500/day)

صح ولا خطا

صح

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Women in 2nd and 3rd trimesters need an extra 300 calories per day to support fetal growth.

Calories (about 2800/day)

صح ولا خطا

صح

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Women in 1st trimester

ايش المقصود ب (trimester)

الثلث

يعني ثلاثه شهور من الحمل

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•Excess calories → fat deposition & obesity.
•Average weight gain during pregnancy → 10-12 kg.

صح ولا خطا

صح

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((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy))

—Carbohydrates

(about …… gm/day) ???

About …..% of a normal pregnancy diet ???

(about 175 gm/day)

About 50% of a normal pregnancy diet

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((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy))

—Protein

(about …. gm/day) ???

About …..% of a normal pregnancy diet ???

(about 60 gm/day)

About 20% of a normal pregnancy diet

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((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy))

Insufficient protein in diet leads to:

 Fetal prematurity and IUGR.

Fetal prematurity = ولاده قبل الموعد

IUGR stands for Intrauterine Growth Restriction. It is a condition in which a baby fails to grow at the expected rate inside the womb during pregnancy

 Maternal anemia and edema.

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((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy))

—Fats

About…..% of a normal pregnancy diet. ???

30%

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((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy))

USFA → normal brain growth & development.

ايش يعني USFA

unsaturated fatty acids

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((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy)) Food srich in omega-3 → ???? Example: ???

↑ intakes of iron, iodine, selenium and folate. Example: green leafy vegetables, (nuts=مكسرات) and (seeds=بذور), oily fish (canned tuna, sardines, salmon, mackerel), and oils (soybean, canola).

((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy)) —Iron (about …. mg/day): •Animal source: •Plant source: •Drug sources:

(about 30 mg/day): •Animal source: liver, red meat, fish, poultry, eggs. •Plant source: green vegetables, (maize flour=دقيق الذرة), (beans=فاصوليا), (peas=بازلاء), (legumes=بقوليات), dried fruits. •Drug sources: iron tablets supplementation.

((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy)) ↓ iron in diet → ?? Iron supplementation → ??? The fetus stores iron → first 6 months of life as??

maternal iron deficiency anemia. 3 months after delivery breast milk is poor in iron

((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy)) Food rich in vitamin C ↑ & tea ↓ iron absorption. صح ولا خطا

صح

((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy)) Folic acid (Folate) (about …. mg/day) ??? ↓ Folic acid during pregnancy: نقص الفوليك اثناء الحمل يؤدي الى  Mother →  Fetus → Prevention (high risk mother) → …. mg/ day prior to conception & for 1st trimester of pregnancy????

Folic acid (Folate) (about 0.4 mg/day)  Mother → megaloblastic anemia  Fetus → neural tube defects Prevention (high risk mother) → 4 mg/ day prior to conception & for 1st trimester of pregnancy

Sources of Folic acid

Sources: green leafy vegetables, broccoli, spinach, peas, legumes, citrus fruits. المصادر: الخضروات الورقية الخضراء والبروكلي والسبانخ والبازلاء والبقوليات والحمضيات.

((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy)) Calcium (about ……… mg/day) Sources: ↓ calcium in the diet: يؤدي الى  infants →  mothers →

Calcium (about 1200 mg/day) Sources: milk, cheese, yogurt, custard, ice cream, cream soup, beans, peas, spinach, soya bean, canned fish with bones, green leafy vegetables, dried fruits.  infants → rickets  mothers → osteomalacia

((Adequate Nutrition During Pregnancy)) Zink (about ……….mg/day) Animal sources: Plant source: ↓ zinc during pregnancy → infants →?? Mother → ??

Zink (about 10 – 15 mg/day): Animal sources: milk, cheese, meat, fish, eggs Plant source: potatoes, lentils, maize flour, rice, peanuts infants →  congenital abnormality  low birth weight  prematurity Mother → intra-uterine infection

(Precautions For Pregnant Mothers (What To Avoid) ????

•Excessive caffeine intake. •Vitamin/Minerals overdose → fetal CNS malformation. •Restrictive dieting → hazardous during pregnancy. •Food-borne diseases → still birth & abortion.

Food-borne diseases caused by ingestion of:??

Unpasteurized diary products, raw eggs, raw meat, unwashed vegetables, and uncooked seafood.

It’s important to provide a healthy diet for lactating women صح ولا خطا

صح

Breastfeeding requires extra calories about……………. calories per day.

500-600

Eat………. servings of proteins / day as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy, beans, seeds.

2-3

Eat……. servings of vegetables / day including dark green and yellow vegetables.

2-3

Eat ….. servings of fruits per day.

Eat 2 servings of fruits per day.

للحامل Include whole grainsin daily diet as whole wheat breads, pasta and cereal. صح ولا خطا

صح

للحامل Drink enough water to satisfy your thirst. صح ولا خطا

صح

((Nutritional Care For Breastfeeding (Lactating) Women)) Try to have too many caffeinated drinks and avoid smoking and alcohol while breastfeeding. صح ولا خطا

خطا Try NOT to have too many caffeinated drinks and avoid smoking and alcohol while breastfeeding.

((Nutritional Care For Breastfeeding (Lactating) Women)) Some babies may be allergic to cow's milk protein in their mother's diet صح ولا خططا

صح

((Nutritional Care For Breastfeeding (Lactating) Women)) There are also increased demand for nutrients, as…………………………………………….??

calcium, phosphorous, vitamins A and C.

Mother should start exclusive breast feeding as early as possible and continue for the first …… months. Beyond that, breastfeeding is encouraged until at least …. months, and longer if both the mother and baby are willing.

6 12

Advantage of Breastfeeding For the baby:

Safe, free, always available, sterile, hygienic, suitable temperature, easily digestible, optimum composition for infants, protection against allergens, strengthens the relation between mother and her baby, contains antibodies against infection & enzymes for digestion, etc.

Advantage of Breastfeeding For the mother:

- burns extra calories → help with weight loss after birth. - releases oxytocin hormone → uterus involution. - lowers risk of breast and ovarian cancer. - delays ovulation (natural form of contraception)

During the first 7 days after delivery, the breasts produce colostrum. This is a thick yellowish fluid. It is rich in protein and antibodies that provide passive immunity to the baby.

Colostrum

also helps the newborn's immature digestive system to grow and function properly.

Colostrum

occurs after colostrum and lasts from approximately 7days to full month. It is a transitional period from "colostrum" to "mature milk"..

Transitional milk

In this milk, the levels of fat, lactose will increase in amount, but the containing of protein will less than colostrum.

Transitional milk

Two months to nine months after baby was borned, the breast milk is called:??

mature milk

it is rich in fat. but the protein and minerals are reduced further.

mature milk

Proper weaning practice (should be started around ….months)

 If breast feeding is not possible→iron-fortified formula (not cow's milk) during 1st 12 months of life. ترجم

اذا الرضاعة غير ممكنة خطا استعمال حليب البقر لاول سنة من حياة الرضيع

The amount & type of food that satisfy infant requirements according to age.

صح

((Nutritional Education of The Mothers)) Supplementary feeding is needed for ????

premature (special formula) & twins.

from birth to 1 year of age (rapid growth).

Infancy

((Infants)) The average birth weight is about…………..?

3 – 3.5 Kg.

((Infants)) Body weight ↑ about …….Kg in the 1 st 4 months, ……… in the 2nd 4 months, and ……. Kg in the 3rd 4 months to reach about 9 Kg by end of the 1 st year.

Body weight ↑ about 3/4 Kg in the 1 st 4 months, 1/2 Kg in the 2nd 4 months, and 1/4 Kg in the 3rd 4 months to reach about 9 Kg by end of the 1 st year.

((Infants)) The average birth length is about 50 cm, to reach about 75 cm by end of the 1 st year . صح ولا خطا

صح

((Infants)) Iron stores start to become depleted around …… month.

Iron stores start to become depleted around 6th month.

((Infants)) The immune system matures around…… month.

6th

((Infants)) Solid foods are not introduced until …. months (may trigger allergic reactions).

By ……. of age, the infant typically is eating table food.

1 year of age

1-3 years of age

Toddlers

3-5 years of age can feed themselves.

preschoolers

Verbalize food likes and dislikes.

Toddlers and Preschoolers

Appetite dramatically decreases and may be irregular.

Toddlers and Preschoolers

Inappropriate use of food ( i.e., to punish, reward, bribe, or convey love) may lead to inappropriate food attitudes. ترجم المكتوب

قد يؤدي الاستخدام غير المناسب للطعام (أي للعقاب أو المكافأة أو الرشوة أو نقل الحب) إلى سلوكيات غذائية غير مناسبة.

Nutritional requirements focus on health promotion

School-Aged Children

Increasing energy requirement need to be balanced with foods of high nutritional value

School-Aged Children

is a period of rapid physical, emotional, social and sexual maturation.

Adolescence

Adolescents in girls ?? Adolescents in Males ??

→ menstruation, breast enlarge ment & fat depositio → ↑ muscle mass, lean body tissue and bones.

Nutritional requirements increase to support growth (increased demand). ايش المقصود ؟

الاحتياج للغذاء يزيد لمواكبة تطور النمو السريع في سن المراهقة

Energy and nutrients requirements don’t change greatly in??

adulthood.

Fewer calories are required because BMR is decreased.

Adults

If calorie intake is not adjusted → weight gain

Adults

Ideal BMI for adults is ??

18.5 – 24.9 Kg/m2.

Older persons are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition. صح ولا خطا وايش مكتوب اصلا

كبار السن معرضون لخطر نقص التغذية بشكل اكبر صح

Energy requirement is reduced in elderly صح ولا خطا

صح

Many chronic & degenerative diseases of elderly are significantly affected by dietary factors.

الكثير من الامراض عند كبار السن يكون سببها التغذية

Micronutrient deficiencies are often common in elderly صح ولا خطا

صح

Choose diet low in saturated fat and trans fat to reduce risk of heart disease. عند المراهقين ولا الكبار في السن ولا البالغين

Elderly الكبار في السن

Certain nutrients become especially important for good health of elderly as………………………………………………………..??? اذكر اربعة منهم منهم

calcium, potassium, vitamin D, vitamin B12 and Dietary fiber

1st trimester of pregnancy ايش يعني

الثلث الاول من الحمل