L5

Question 1

is a long tube surrounded by muscles

Answer 1

GIT

Question 2

It includes; pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), large intestine (colon, rectum, and anal canal).

Answer 2

GIT

Question 3

Its entire length from mouth to anus is 9 meters long.

Answer 3

GIT

Question 4

Accessory digestive organs include;

Answer 4

gall bladder, liver, and pancreas.

Question 5

What is to be digested?

Answer 5

• Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals
• Macronutrients: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Water

Question 6

Ingestion

ايش يعني

Answer 6

تناول

Question 7

Mouth (Buccal or Oral Cavity):

Answer 7

lips, cheeks, upper & lower jaws, gums, teeth (32 teeth, 4 different types) and tongue.

Question 8

Buccal or Oral Cavity

Answer 8

Mouth

Question 9

In mouth the digestion is Chemical digestion or mechanical digestion ? Or both ?

Answer 9

both

Teeth (Mechanical digestion)

Saliva (Chemical digestion)

Question 10

bolus
ايش يعني

Answer 10

بلعة وحدة

Question 11

is formed with saliva and the tongue.

Answer 11

bolus

Question 12

Saliva
ايش فوائد اللعاب

Answer 12

1-» secretes amylase enzyme to digest starch,
2-» secretes lipase enzyme to digest fat,
3-» lubricates food for easier swallowing,
4-» protects soft lining of digestive system,
5-» neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay (buffers),
6-» kills bacteria that enter mouth with food.

Question 13

During swallowing, no choking occur because…………………… closes trachea → food travels down esophagus.

Answer 13

epiglottis

Question 14

Process of breaking down food by the body into absorbable nutrients.

• Carbohydrates → glucose.
• Proteins → amino acids.
• Fats → fatty acids, glycerol.

Answer 14

Digestion

Question 15

The GIT muscles alternate contraction and relaxation pushing food along GIT

Answer 15

Peristalsis

Question 16

involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations to move food along.

Answer 16

Peristalsis

Question 17

Functions of stomach

Answer 17

1- storage of food : can stretch to fit ~2L food.
2- disinfect food: HCl (PH 2) kills bacteria.
3- chemical digestion: (pepsin and lipase enzymes).

Question 18

(PH 2) kills bacteria.

Answer 18

HCl

Hydrochloric acid

حمض موجود في المعدة

Question 19

Why stomach don’t digest itself since it is protein?

Answer 19

Mucus secreted by stomach cells protects stomach lining.

Question 20

Accessory Digestive Organs

Answer 20

Pancreas, Gall Bladder, Liver

Question 21

Digestive enzymes in the pancreas

Answer 21

– digest proteins (trypsin, chymotrypsin)
– digest starch (amylase)
– digest fat (lipase)

Question 22

Pancreas and Buffers ???

Answer 22

Buffers: neutralizes acid from stomach

وظيفة من وظائف البنكرياس انه يعادل الحمضية القادمة من المعدة

Question 23

Concentrates and stores bile.

Answer 23

Gall bladder (GB)

Question 24

emulsify lipid Discharged into duodenum

Answer 24

Bile

Question 25

Liver’s Functions

Answer 25

produces bile:
• bile stored in gallbladder until needed
• breaks up fats

Question 26

Small Intestine’s Function:

Answer 26

– chemical digestion
– absorption through lining

Question 27

Small Intestine’s structure:

Answer 27

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 28

finger-like projections

Answer 28

villi

Question 29

Lined with villi (finger-like projections)

Answer 29

Small Intestine (SI)

Question 30

Increase surface area of SI → ???

Answer 30

better absorption of materials.

Question 31

Absorb simple sugars & proteins.

Answer 31

Small Intestine (SI)

Question 32

Fatty acids and glycerol go to lymphatic system.

Answer 32

Small Intestine (SI)

Question 33

1st section of small intestine

Answer 33

Duodenum

Question 34

Acid food from stomach mixes with digestive juices from: pancreas, liver, gall bladder.

Answer 34

Duodenum

Question 35

Large intestine (Colon)

Other names:

Answer 35

ascending, transverse, descending

Question 36

Colon’s Functions:

Answer 36

Re-absorb water

Absorb sodium, potassium and chloride with water.

Solid wastes (indigestible fibers) pass through large intestine, rectum and anus to exit from the body.

Question 37

use ~9 liters of water every day in digestive juices
> 90% of water reabsorbed

Answer 37

Colon

Question 38

– too much water absorbed →

– not enough water absorbed →

Answer 38

constipation

diarrhea

Question 39

Helpful Bacteria in colon:

Answer 39

E. coli living in large intestine:

• produce vitamins: K, B.
• generate gases: product of bacterial metabolism.

Question 40

• Last section of large intestine (colon).
- eliminate feces (stool): undigested materials & bacteria.

Answer 40

Rectum