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Science For Medicine > life at the cellular level > Flashcards

life at the cellular level Flashcards

1
Q

why are cells so small

A

larger surface area relative to size

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2
Q

what are prokaryote cells

A

Bacteria
Lack Nuclear membrane
No Mitochondria
No membrane bound structures

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3
Q

what are Eukaryote cells

A 
Eukaryotic cell
Human cells
Multicellular animals and plants
Nucleus with membrane
Membrane bound structures
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4
Q

what are the two types of stem cells

A

pluripotent - all cell types (embryonic)

multipotent - differentiate into many cells

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5
Q

what are the 4 tissue types that make up organs

A

epithelial
nervous
muscular
connective (everything else)

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6
Q

what is passive diffusion

A

Concentration gradient needed
Lipid-soluble molecules pass freely (non-polar)

NON POLAR

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7
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

Concentration gradient needed

Requires carrier molecules

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8
Q

what is endocytosis

A

when molecules entre the cell via a vesicle

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9
Q

what is exocytosis

A

when a vesicle exits the cell

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10
Q

what are occluding junctions

A

tight junctions saling gap between epityilial cells

calcium - blood brain barrier

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11
Q

what are cell-cell anchoring junctions

A

connects actin filaments bundle in one cell to the

next

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12
Q

what are Gap junctions

A

create a channel and allow the small passage of water through

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13
Q

what are cell matrix anchoring junctions

A

anchor cell to basal membrane

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14
Q

what anchors intermediat fillamets in a cell to the extra cellular matrix

A

hemidesmosome

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15
Q

what are the 4 signalling types

A 
contact dependent - two cells touch 
endocrine - use the blood stream 
synaptic - nerves 
paracrine - one cell releases a local mediator 
(like endocrine but without the blood)
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16
Q

what other than the nucleus has DNA

A

mitochondria

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17
Q

what is the rough ER used for

A

protein modifications

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18
Q

what dose the Golgi do

A

modifications and transport of proteins

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19
Q

what is the smooth ER used for

A

to breakdown compounds (e.g. drugs and glycogen) or synthesise some compounds (e.g. lipids)

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20
Q

what are lysosomes used for

A

to separate harmful enzymes from the rest of the cell

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21
Q

what are microfilaments made up of

what do they do

A

actin

cell motility in general, changes in cell shape

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22
Q

what is the role of intermediate filaments

A

largely mechanical, meaning they provide support for the cell

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23
Q

what are the two monomers that make up microtubules

A

alpha tubulin, beta tubulin

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24
Q

what are the functions of micro tubules

A

structure of cell

hollow

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25
what are cilia and flagella made of
microtubules
26
what are cilia
short, usually many present, move with stiff power stroke and flexible recovery stroke
27
what are flagella
longer, usually one or two present, movement is snakelike
28
what are micro villi used for
absorption in the gut
29
what is a central carbon called
chiral
30
what are the two forms of chiral
L - left handed D - dextro (right handed)
31
what is true of most biological redox reactions
two e-’s (and two protons) are gained or lost Often 2 hydrogen atoms are transferred from one molecule to another in dehydrogenation reactions
32
what is produced when glucose turns into pyruvate
2NAD+ turn into 2NADH reduction reaction
33
what is the structure of RNA
single stranded
34
what are polysaccharides
polymers of sugar monomers linked by glycosidic bonds
35
what are starch and glycogen examples of
polymers of D-glucose
36
why is D-glucose termed a reducing sugar
The linear form (but not cyclic form) has an aldehyde group, which can be oxidised
37
what are the 5 types of chemical reaction
Redox reactions - glucose - pyruvate - lactate Making and breaking C-C bonds - glucose clevage Internal rearrangements - rearmament - glucose- fructose Group transfers -phosphate group Condensation and hydrolysis reactions protein, nucleic acid sub units
38
what is the structure of a nucleoside
base + ribose or deoxyribose
39
what is the structure of a neucleotide
phosphate + nucleoside = nucleotide
40
what are the pyrimidines
Cytosine , thymine, uracil FLAT SINGLE RING
41
what are the purines
FLAT DOUBLE RINGS | adenine (A) and guanine (G)
42
why do purines and pyrimidines
if a DNA is not ''3 across'' there is a mutation (indicated by a size change which can be seen more easily)
43
what is in a unsaturated lipid
double bond, bend
44
Energy can be converted from one form to another but...
the total energy of the universe remains constant
45
All energy transformations ultimately lead to…
more disorder in the universe, i.e. increase the entropy
46
how do cells comply with the 2nd law of thermodynamics
a cell maintains order - leading to increased order internally however releases heat leading to increased DISORDER externally
47
what must a spontaneous reaction do to occur
Becomes more random and increases in entropy or give up energy
48
when do spontaneous reactions ocurr
when there is a negative delta G value
49
how are + delta G reactions carried out
Cells use a process called “energy coupling” to carry out thermodynamically unfavourable reactions
50
when delta G is 0 it is...
incompatible with life
51
do biological reactions ever reach equilibrium
no
52
when is the dynamic steady state of a intermediate reached reached
when a intermediayte is being made and degraded and does not change concentration
53
what are catabolic reactions
break down stuff | CATS break shit
54
what are anabolic reactions
build stuff up
55
Endergonic, anabolic pathway is “supplied” with Free Energy within a system through conversion of...
of ATP to ADP
56
An exergonic, catabolic pathway “saves” Free Energy within a system by...
forming ATP
57
what happens when ATP is hydrolysis
it turns into ADP + Pi
58
why do ATP could catabolic and anabolic reactions together
to make the anabolic reactions thermodynamically favourable
59
directly or indirectly, electron flow is responsible for producing...
all of the energy required by cells
60
the release of electrons is like the release of
a phosphate
61
what is the structure of a phospholipid from head to tail
polar group phosphate glycerol fatty acid
62
what are Hydrophobic lipids are transported in
in a chylomicron through the blood
63
what is a amphipathc molecule give an example
molecules that contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts phospholipids
64
why do phospholipids form micelles
to minimise distruption of water to water hydrogen bonds
65
what is the equilibrium constant of water what can be removed to make the ionic product of water
{H}{HO} ----------- H2O Kw = [H+][OH-]
66
what dose the ionic product equal | in turn what dose each ion equal
1X 10-14 each ion 1X 10-7mol/l very small
67
how is the pH of water determined
the negative log of [H+]
68
why is acid have a lower pH
as the is more protons making 10-1 bigger than 10-14 when the negative log is used
69
what is the pH of human blood and tears
pH 7.4
70
what do strong acids and strong bases do
fully disassociate
71
what is the structure of an amino acid
it has a carboxyl group and a amine group
72
what is an acid
it is a proton donor
73
what is a base
its a proton acceptor
74
what is a conjugate acid-base pair
a proton donor and proton acceptor
75
what is the acidic disassociation constant | Ka
[H+][A-] --------- [HA]
76
what is pKa
Ka values on a negative log scale the point at which there is an equilibrium
77
what two equilibriums are linked in a weak acid
Kw and Ka
78
what is the shape of a titration curve
a sharp rise in pH the a shallow rise in the Buffer zone
79
what dose the Henderson-hassselbach equation relate
a weak acid to the conjugate base
80
what is a buffer made of
a weak acid and its conjugate base
81
what are 2 examples on buffers in the human body
phosphate buffer system in the cells and in plasma bicarbonate buffer

Science For Medicine (17 decks)

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