blood

Question 1

where is all the blood

how much is there

Answer 1

5 litres

3 in the systemic venous circulation
1 in lungs
1 in heart and arterial circulation

Question 2

what are the functions of blood

Answer 2

carries physiological active compounds - enzymes, hormones

clotting - prothrombin + fibrinogen

defence - leukocytes

carriage of gas - O2

thermos regulation - COnstriction when COld

maintenance of ECF pH

Question 3

what is the composition of blood

Answer 3

plasma
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

Question 4

what is meant by haematocrit

Answer 4

the percentage of blood made up Red Bood Cells

Question 5

what are the normal values of haematocrit for each sex

Answer 5

40-54% for males

37-47% for females |(menstruation)

Question 6

how might the haematocrit change due to conditions

Answer 6

living at altitude

increase haematocrit as more haemoglobin to bind the lower conc. of oxygen

Question 7

what is mean by viscosity

Answer 7

the thickness of blood

Question 8

what is the viscosity of the different parts of blood - in relation to water

Answer 8

plasma is 1.8X thicker

whole of blood is 3-4X thicker

Question 9

how can viscosity change

Answer 9

haematocrit increase (50% increase = 100% to viscosity)

temperature = cold is thicker and vice versa

flow rate = slower is thicker as grater cell to cell adhesion

Question 10

what are platelets

Answer 10

membrane bound cell fragments from megakaryocytes

Question 11

what is the life span of platelets

Answer 11

roughly 10 days

Question 12

what is the job of platelets

Answer 12

adhere to damaged endothelium to mediate blood clotting

Question 13

what is the life span of blood

Answer 13

120 days

Question 14

what are the 3 plasma proteins

Answer 14

albumin
globulin
fibrinogen

Question 15

what does albumin do

Answer 15

most abundant 
drugs 
lipids 
TRANSPORTER
(colloid oncotic pressure)

Question 16

what does globulin

Answer 16

alpha, beta - similar to goblin

gamma - anti bodies

Question 17

what does fibrinogen do

Answer 17

key in clotting cascade

Question 18

what is the life span of a white blood cell

Answer 18

13 - 20 days

Question 19

what is oncotic pressure

Answer 19

water is drawn into the capillary due to the force created by the displacement of water by albumin

water moving down gradient because fat albumin has pushed it out

Question 20

what is capillary hydrostatic pressure

Answer 20

the volume of a blood vessel

higher the volume in the enclosed space the higher the pressure

fluid moves to interstitial fluid

Question 21

what are myeloid cells

Answer 21

all the cells in the blood that are not lymphocytes ( this includes some WBCs)

Question 22

what are lymphoid cells

Answer 22

lymphocytes

Question 23

what is the function of erythrocytes

what is the shape of them

Answer 23

red blood cells

highly flexible

bi-concave

densely packed with haemoglobin - Gas transport

Question 24

where is erythropoietin synthesised

Answer 24

mostly in the kidney

some of the liver cells (hepatocytes)

Question 25

what increase the secretion of erythropoietin

Answer 25

when the amount of oxygen to the kidney falls - hypoxia (anaemia, haemorrhage) 2-3 day delay

Question 26

what is erythropoietin what is its function

Answer 26

it is a hormone - have basal levels controls and accelerates erythropoiesis (RBC formation) stem cell to erythroblasts

Question 27

what are the 5 main types of leukocytes (WBCs)

Answer 27

``` neutrophils basophils eosinophils monocytes lymphocytes ```

Question 28

what do neutrophils do

Answer 28

``` most abundant very short half life - 10 hrs phagocytic bacterial infection trap bacteria in NETS ```

Question 29

what do basophils do

Answer 29

release histamine and heparin promote inflammation

Question 30

what do eosinophils do

Answer 30

attack pathogens that are too big for lymphocytes (PARASITES) numbers rapidly increase in allergic reactions

Question 31

what do monocytes do

Answer 31

largest lymphocyte 72hrs in circulation migrate to tissue and become (phagocytic) macrophages

Question 32

what do lymphocytes do

Answer 32

key component of immune system T cell and B cell VIRAL INFECTION

Question 33

what controls white blood cell formation (leukopoiesis)

Answer 33

cocktail of cytokines colony stimulating factors interleukins depending on what makes up the cocktail depends on what WBC is made