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WSET Diploma SH 2018 > Level 4 Viti > Flashcards

Level 4 Viti Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a Low Vigour site What planting density should be used? What type of trellising?

A

<0.5m deep, limited water in growing season, low fertility Hi Density >5k plants/ha (unless where water very limited) VSP with single or double guyot

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2
Q

At what temp is a vine dormant?

A

<10c

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3
Q

How thick, how long should shoots be?

A

Pencil thick 12~15 nodes long

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4
Q

What rootstock might you use in areas with very cold Winters?

A

Vitis Amurensis

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5
Q

What element is shot into the sky to disperse hail? What else protects against hail?

A

Silver Iodide Towers charged with static electricity Netting Site diversification

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6
Q

What temp is considered too cold for grape growing

A

One that is below -20c more than once every 20yrs Or Has a mean temp <1c for the coldest month

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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of Berry growth / ripening?

A

Herbaceous phase Veraison Maturation Sur-Maturation

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8
Q

What is ‘Floral Initiation’?

A

Where embryonic flowers develop in the dormant bud the year preceding budburst

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9
Q

What planting density for Poor soil?

A

High density

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10
Q

What is preparation 501?

A

Horn Silica, fine ground Silica buried in cow horn over the Summer. Sprayed on vines 2~4 times a year. Supposed to improve photosynthesis

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11
Q

What are Anthocyanins and where, in the grape, are they found?

A

Provide red wine colour, found immediately beneath grape skin (Peripheral Pulp)

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12
Q

What factors increase / decrease water requirements in the growing season?

A

Vine density, soil water holding capacity, time of rainfall, wind

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13
Q

A sandy soil in a high rainfall area is likely to be deficient in which nutrients?

A

Potassium, Calcium, Sulphur

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14
Q

What is a really good rootstock to use where the soil is dry and stony and prone to drought?

A

110R Richter

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15
Q

Which rootstock performs best in saline soils?

A

1103P Paulsen

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Downy Mildew (Peronospora)? How does it like to grow? How is it treated?

A

Fungus. Lives in (not on) vine tissue. Damages green part of vine esp. young leaves. Yellow oil spots on surface of leaf w white downy patches underside. Needs rainfall/water and warm temps. Highest risk years are rainy Winters, Springs and stormy/warm Summers Control canopy management to avoid leaf bunching Spray Bdx mix (Lime and Copper Sulphate) every 20mm rain, 15~20cm growth, 10~14 days

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17
Q

How are Cordon de Royat, GDC and Sylvoz normally pruned?

A

Cordon / Spur pruned

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18
Q

Your vine has stunted shoots with small yellow cupped leaves, the grapes are OK but yield is substantially decreased. What is the disease and how did it occur?

A

Eutypa dieback / Dead Arm / Dying arm Fungus entered pruning wounds

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19
Q

Who original proposed the concept of Biodynamic farming?

A

Rudolf Steiner

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of Leafroll Virus? How does it like to grow? How is it treated?

A

Symptoms seen in Autumn; red (black grapes) and yellow (white grapes) leaves with downward rolled edges. Reduce yield -50%. Sugar -30%, delay maturity 4 weeks. Wines made less colour, alcohol, flavour and body Disease spread by planting infected cuttings and vines Mealybugs a poss vector in S. Africa No cure! Dig up vineyard and re-plant

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21
Q

What are three key elements of a vineyard site assessment?

A

Soil profile Water supply Soil fertility

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22
Q

What is the main effect of Canopy Management?

A

Affects the climate in the fruiting zone, therefore style and quality of wines

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23
Q

What is the difference between ‘Prompt’ and ‘Latent’ buds?

A

A Prompt bud breaks in the same year A latent bud breaks the following Spring

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24
Q

What 4 things can affect the chemical composition of a grape?

A

Grape variety Climate and soil (terroir) Viticultural management Seasonal / weather variations

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25
Q

What is Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI)?

A

The use of water stress to manage vegetative growth

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26
Q

What is the main advantage / disadvantage of Cordon pruned systems?

A

They are easier to prune and can be re-pruned mechanically Retain large volume permanent wood = maintain carb reserves Disadvantage is carb reserves enable the vine to be more vigorous than with replacement cane. Also loss of growing points along the cordon

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27
Q

How are Sylvoz and Len-Moser systems usually pruned?

A

Cordon/spur pruned

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28
Q

What soil is a balanced mixture of clay, silt and sand?

A

Loam

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29
Q

What does ‘GDD’ mean?

A

Growing degree days

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30
Q

What is the definition of a vine’s ‘vigour’?

A

The weight of wood produced annually

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31
Q

What is perhaps the most classic wine region to find Slate soil?

A

Mosel

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32
Q

How are young vines treated in the nursery ensure not carrying any disease?

A

Thermotherapy

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33
Q

Your vine is showing malformed shoot growth with double nodes, leaves are distorted and bunches are smaller with poor fruit set leading to millerendage. What is it and how is it cured?

A

Fanleaf virus No cure!

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34
Q

What does a vine do when it Photosynthesises?

A

It creates Sucrose

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35
Q

What is an Intraspecific crossing?

A

A crossing of one Vinifera variety with another

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36
Q

What is the word for when enough flowers fail to become berries?

A

Coulure

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37
Q

Below what pH can vines not survive and why?

A

<5pH Too acidic Aluminium poisons the plant

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38
Q

What type of insecticide become trapped in the soil to stop new weeds starting?

A

Pre-emergence insecticides

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39
Q

What is Vidal a crossing of?

A

Uni Blanc x 4986 Seibel

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40
Q

What are the symptoms of Eutypa dieback (Dead Arm/Dying Arm)? How does it like to grow? How is it treated?

A

Stunted shoots w small yellow cupped leaves, reduced yield Fungus enters thru pruning wounds, needs mild temps and moisture. Kills water conducting tissue Controlled by v’yard hygiene, pruning wounds covered with fungicide paste

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41
Q

List 4 key factors for vineyard site selection

A

Water availability Regional climate (temp and sunshine hours) Soil type and quality Access to the site Availability of labour and resources Proximity to the market

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42
Q

List 4 factors in grape variety selection

A

Genetics Performance in potential site climate (sugar, acid, pigments, tannin, fruit flavours) Winemaking influence Fashion - will it sell? Yields Disease Legislation

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43
Q

What is Physiological Ripeness

A

The point at which the grape has reached max sugar and size BUT Grapes not always allowed to reach this stage and are picked earlier

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44
Q

What is the skin of a grape called?

A

Epidermis

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45
Q

What type of insecticide is absorbed by the leaves (roots) and carried round the plant by the sap killing the whole plant?

A

Systemic herbicides

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46
Q

What disease is spread by glassy winged sharpshooters and/or mealy worms?

A

Pierce’s Disease

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47
Q

When would Nitrogen be added to soil?

A

In the Spring

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48
Q

How much less sunlight will a vineyard near a large town or city get and why?

A

Up to 10% less due to pollution

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49
Q

Why are Late Harvest grapes harder to ferment

A

Contain less Glucose, more Fructose

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50
Q

Define a ‘Tropical’ climate

A

Minimal annual temperature variation Hot Summers and warm Winters

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51
Q

What are the 6 mains aims of canopy management?

A

Max light interception = Max photosynthesis Min canopy shading - shaded leaves use energy Uniform microclimate for the fruit Balance between fruit and leaf Minimise disease Optimise mechanisation - Prune, pesticide, harvesting

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52
Q

What is the ‘best’ climate for growing grapes?

A

One that is only just suitable for grape growing

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53
Q

What is the Peak Vine growth temperature range?

A

22~25c

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54
Q

Name regions in EU Zone CIIIa

A

Parts of Bulgaria and Greece

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55
Q

3 effects of temperature on yield?

A

Rate of growth Number of flower clusters and size Success of setting the flowers into berries

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56
Q

What is the ideal vine canopy?

A

15 shoots / metre 1~1.5 leaves thick

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57
Q

What are the symptoms of Fanleaf Virus? How does it like to grow? How is it treated?

A

Shoot growth malformed with double nodes, short internode length and zig zag growth. Bunches smaller w poor fruit set = 80% crop loss. Finally vines stop fruiting esp. Cab Sav Spread by infected plant material. No cure, buy from reputable nurseries

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58
Q

A vineyard with a Heat Summation of 1900 is best suited to growing what grapes?

A

Full bodied reds e.g. Shiraz

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59
Q

List 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of allowing weeds

A

+Prevent soil erosion +Prevent Nitrate leaching +Encourage biodiversity +Reduce excess vine vigour +Improve soil structure +Warn of disease/nutrient deficiencies -Compete for water and nutrients -Increase frost risk -Act as host for pests and diseases

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60
Q

What is Pinotage a crossing of?

A

Pinot Noir and Cinsault

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61
Q

What is IFOAM? What does it relate to?

A

International Federation Organisation of Agricultural Movements Relates to Organic agriculture

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62
Q

Name the process whereby soil organisms rapidly break down sugars, starches nitrogenous compounds and some cellulose

A

Mineralisation

63
Q

What is a ‘Pendelbogen’ and what is its purpose?

A

Canes tied down in the shape of an arch To regulate shoot vigour along their length

64
Q

What is the IOBC? What is IPM?

A

International Organisation for Biological Control Integrated Pest Management

65
Q

What is the thin waxy layer of a grape called?

A

The Cuticle

66
Q

What chemical inputs are permitted under Organic and Biodynamic farming?

A

Bordeaux Mixture (Copper) and Sulphur but at lower levels

67
Q

Name 2 pros and 2 cons of Mulching

A

+ Young vines suffer less drought Less competition from weeds Better soil structure Higher soil temp = more microbial activity - cost and labour Increased frost risk - plants grow earlier and faster More weeds @ base of plant Homes for slugs, mice and snakes Superficial rooting

68
Q

What is Müller-Thurgau a crossing of?

A

Riesling and Madeleine Royal

69
Q

What soil is similar to limestone but with higher levels of Magnesium?

A

Dolomite

70
Q

What are 4 main criteria in selecting vines?

A

Adaptation to climate Resistance to disease Adaptation to soil conditions Economics; high yield, high quality, suitability for mechanisation, demand for the grapes

71
Q

What is ‘Slope’ in a vineyard? How does it affect a vineyard?

A

The degree of incline Determines the intensity of sunlight received

72
Q

In the Amerine and Winkler Heat summation system what grapes are suitable for growing in a Cat I region? What is the GDD for Cat I? Give region examples

A

Light bodied whites; Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Riesling

<1370 Chablis, The Mosel Valley, Champagne

73
Q

What is the most common Cordon system called?

A

Cordon de Royat Single or double horizontal cordon with shoots vertically trained

74
Q

What is the definition of good soil?

A

Particles form stable crumbs of 1~5mm diameter With a high to moderate organic matter

75
Q

What is ‘photoperiod’?

A

Hours of sunlight. Extreme N and S hemisphere have longer photoperiods

76
Q

Limestone rich soils tend to have a high pH what is the possible effect of this?

A

Inhibits uptake of iron and other micronutrients increasing the risk of Chlorosis

77
Q

What soil is a balanced mixture of clay, silt and sand, it has the nutrient holding capacity of clay and the good drainage of sand?

A

Loam

78
Q

Which 2 rootstocks are best to use where there is a serious Nematode problem?

A

Schwarzman, Dog Ridge

79
Q

What’s the problem with Grape Moths?

A

Damage grape vines in larval stage Larvae feed on foliage but worst late Summer when they feed on whole bunches. Larvae webs berries together, feeding on surface then burrowing in Accurate spraying of insecticides or introduce predatory spiders, wasps and shield bug

80
Q

What elements does a vine need to live?

A

Sunlight, Water and CO2

81
Q

Why plant low density in high potential (vigour) sites and High density in low potential sites?

A

In a high potential (deep and fertile) site the roots can go deep creating a bushy canopy, if the vines are planted close together the canopies shade each other. In a low potential (shallow and less fertile) site the vine can’t search out as many nutrients so the canopy will be smaller = less risk of shading

82
Q

When would Potassium and Phosphorus be added to soil?

A

In the Autumn

83
Q

Of the 2 main rootstocks which is best suited to cooler, damper more fertile soils?

A

V. Riparia

84
Q

Name 4 benefits of Humus

A

Maintains soil structure Retains nutrients High water holding capacity Small range of swelling/shrinking (making soil management easier) Gradual release of nutrients Darkens soil = improves ability to absorb heat

85
Q

What are; Red spider, yellow spider, grape leaf rust, pacific spider, Wilamette and bunch?

A

Mites

86
Q

What is Partial Root Drying (PRD)? How is it done?

A

Half the roots are watered (leaving other half dry) Implemented with a double drip system and wet/dry alternated every 10~14 days

87
Q

At least how many hours of sunlight are required to produce ripe fruit?

A

>1250

88
Q

What is Ruby Cabernet a crossing of?

A

Carignan and Cabernet Sauvignon

89
Q

What is the American Heat Summation System called?

A

Amerine and Winkler’s Heat Summation System

90
Q

How much precipitation does A cooler region need? A hotter region need?

A

Cooler - 500mm Hotter 750mm

91
Q

What is most likely causing vine’s basal buds to lose viability, restricting cane growth, making them fragile. The leaves may show small dark spots after rainfall. How did your vine get diseased?

A

Phomopsis Introduced by infected planting material

92
Q

What is Clonal Selection? Name three selection criteria

A

Vines taken from one parent, genetically identical Yield, fertility, berry size, sugar, acidity, colour, flavour, aroma, disease resistance, drought resistance, virus free, ease of grafting, cost

93
Q

What planting density is preferred on a high vigour site with fertile soils?

A

Low density

94
Q

Define a Medium Vigour site What planting density should be used? What type of trellising?

A

0.5~1.0m deep, adequate water, avg fertility Avg density (3k~5k plants/ha Lyre, Scott-Henry, Large VSP

95
Q

What is the main disadvantage of VSP training?

A

Shoot density normally high therefore prone to shade in the fruiting zone.

96
Q

What planting density for a low water vineyard?

A

Low density

97
Q

What am I? How am I treated? I’m one of the most widespread vine diseases, I damage the green parts of a vine causing young leaves to curl and develop dull grey patches with cobweb patches. When advanced the canopy develops a musty smell.

A

Powdery Mildew / Oidium Sulphur sprays prevent, stop and cure DMIs are also effective briefly

98
Q

How many buds typically left on the vine @ Winter pruning?

A

6~15 per metre

99
Q

What does the vine convert Sucrose to?

A

Glucose and Fructose

100
Q

Under Organic farming when is hedge trimming banned?

A

End March~Beginning September

101
Q

Dr. Who defined the ‘Vegetative Cycle of the Vine’?

A

Dr. Richard Smart

102
Q

What can be added to soil to raise the pH?

A

Calcium Carbonate (Calcite) Magnesium Carbonate (Magnasite) Dolomite = A mix of both

103
Q

In the Amerine and Winkler Heat summation system what grapes are suitable for growing in a Cat III region? What is the GDD for Cat III? Give region examples

A

Full bodied red wines Cabernet Sauvignon, Semillon, Syrah, Zinfandel

1650~1930 Barossa Valley, Stellenbosch, Southern Rhone

104
Q

What is the most popular rootstock in Europe?

A

SO4 Selection Oppenheim

105
Q

What are DMI sprays used to treat and why can they become ineffective?

A

Used to treat Powdery Mildew. Fungus can become resistant, not recommended for more than 3 applications

106
Q

In the Amerine and Winkler Heat summation system what grapes are suitable for growing in a Cat II region? What is the GDD for Cat II? Give region examples

A

Medium bodied red wines Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Riesling, Cab Sav, Sauvignon Blanc, Cab Franc, Merlot

1370-1650 Napa Valley, Bordeaux, Northern Rhone

107
Q

What is ‘Mass Selection’ / ‘Selection Massale’?

A

Traditional method of passing through the vineyard before harvest and marking best vines from which to take cuttings during the Winter. Best done in poor years

108
Q

How did the grape Alicante Bouschet come about?

A

Aramon x Teinturier = Petit Bouschet Petit Bouschet x Grenache = Alicante Bouschet

109
Q

In the Amerine and Winkler Heat summation system what grapes are suitable for growing in a Cat V region? What is the GDD for Cat V?

A

Bulk wines and table and drying grapes >2200

110
Q

What are light brown apple, european berry and grape berry?

A

Moths

111
Q

What is Seyval Blanc a crossing of?

A

Seibel 5656 x Siebel 4986

112
Q

What are the symptoms of Phomopsis? How does it like to grow? How is it treated?

A

Fungus. Basal buds lose viability, can restrict cane growth making them fragile. Infected canes whiten and snap. Noticed @ Winter pruning. Introduced to v’yard by infected planting material-takes years to become apparent Spreads in high humid cooler v’yards Buy from reputable nursery

113
Q

Name regions in EU Zone A

A

Germany, excl Baden, UK

114
Q

Name regions in EU Zone CIIIB

A

Portugal (except Vinho Verde), Southern Spain, Calabria, Puglia, Sardinia, Sicily, parts of Greece

115
Q

What is Sur Maturation?

A

The time a grape is left on the vine after optimum ripeness

116
Q

What distance protection will an 8m windbreak provide?

A

80m (10x)

117
Q

What is the purpose of pruning and training the vine?

A

Increases yield and quality

118
Q

Which are the two main Rootstocks used in Champagne and Charentes?

A

41B Millardet et de Grasset 333EM Ecole de Montpellier

119
Q

Of the 2 main rootstocks which is best suited to warmer, dryer, less fertile soils?

A

V. Rupestris

120
Q

List the 4 NATURAL factors of grape growing

A

Grape selection Climate Weather Soil

121
Q

Name regions in EU Zone CI

A

Bordeaux, SW France, Rhone, Parts Portugal, North Atlantic coast of Spain, Hungary, Trentino-Aldige

122
Q

How long a plan must a farmer submit to adopt Organic farming?

A

3yrs

123
Q

What Average Mean Growing Season temperature is a ‘Moderate’ climate? What grapes suit a Moderate climate? Give 3 examples of Moderate regions

A

16.5~18.5c

Intermediate ripening; Cab Sav, Merlot, Sangiovese

Bordeaux, N. Rhone, Rioja, Piedmont, Tuscany, Coonawarra, Marlborough, Napa, Sonoma

124
Q

What Average Mean Growing Season temperature is a ‘Warm’ climate? What grapes suit a Warm climate? Give 3 examples of Warm regions

A

18.5~21c

Heat loving varieties; Grenache, Mourvèdre, Ruby Cabernet, Grapes for Fortified wines e.g. Port or liqueur Muscat S. Rhone, Douro, McClaren Vale, Paarl

125
Q

What is Preparation 500?

A

Cow dung buried in cow horn, buried over winter and used for spraying the vines 2~4 times yr. Supposed to stimulate soil life

126
Q

What am I? How am I treated? I need high humidity and warm temps. I produce enzymes that break down plant tissue causing it to turn brown. Brown then black patches appear that dry the stems, berries stop ripening and drop off.

A

Grey Rot / Botrytis Prevented using broad spectrum fungicides or specific Botrytis fungicides

127
Q

The grapes Concord, Black Hamburg and Clinton are examples of what?

A

Inter-specific hybrids V.Vinifera hybrids

128
Q

What 3 nutrients encourage ripening?

A

Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg)

129
Q

What is the most widespread grapevine disease worldwide causing reduced yields and berry sugar. Wines have lower colour, alc, flavour and body. What is it and how is it cured?

A

Leafroll virus No treatment but next time buy vines from a certified nursery

130
Q

What Average Mean Growing Season temperature is a ‘Cool’ climate? What grapes suit a Cool climate? Give 3 examples of Cool regions

A

<16c

Early ripening varieties; Chardonnay, Riesling, Pinot Noir

Champagne, Mosel, S England, Anderson Valley, Carneros, Tasmania

131
Q

At what peak temperature does vine growth slow?

A

>25c

132
Q

What are the symptoms of Grey Rot (Botrytis)? How does it like to grow? How is it treated?

A

Leaves develop 2~3cm stains w grey felting on underside, shoots weaken and break. Berries stop ripening, shrivel and drop off Spreads through vine producing enzymes that break down plant tissue turning it brown Needs high humidity and warm temps. Enters vine through wound or weak point in epidermis. Prevented by broad spectrum fungicides applied, beg of flowering, start berry set, bunch closure, start veraison and 3 weeks before harvest

133
Q

In the Amerine and Winkler Heat summation system what grapes are suitable for growing in a Cat IV region? What is the GDD for Cat IV?

A

Fortified Wines 1930~2200

134
Q

What trellising system would you use in a vineyard with high nutrients, fertile soils and plentiful water? Why?

A

GDC The horizontally divided trellis system was specifically designed for use in vigorous soils

135
Q

What is the correct distance between vines along the row?

A

15 shoots per metre

136
Q

Where in Europe are you most likely to find Granite soils?

A

Baden in Germany and Northern Rhone

137
Q

Where will there most likely be a bird problem? What’s the issue with birds and grapes?

A

Vineyards near forests or isolated vineyards Some peck a whole grape, others will remove whole berry Risk - 2ndry bacteria/fungal infection Poss more selective picking or grape sorting = £

138
Q

How are ‘big vine’ trellising systems e.g. GDC usually pruned?

A

Spur pruned

139
Q

In which 2 region types is canopy management most important?

A

Cool-climate regions New World: High vine vigour in fertile soils

140
Q

Name 3 key training systems for high vigour soils

A

Geneva Double Curtain U or Lyre Pergola

141
Q

What are the symptoms of Pierce’s Disease? How is it spread? How is it treated?

A

Bacteria. Deadly. Noticeable mid Summer; leaves discolour, die and drop off. Replacement leaves and shoots stunted. Vine dies 1~5yrs later Spread by glassy winged sharpshooters No cure!

142
Q

Name 3 typical Tropical-climate regions

A

Brazil, India, Thailand

143
Q

In a grape, where is the Peripheral pulp and what does it contain?

A

Immediately beneath the Epidermis Contains coloured pigments, Tannins and flavour constituents

144
Q

What are the symptoms of Powdery Mildew (Oïdium)? How does it like to grow? How is it treated?

A

Fungus. Most damage on green parts of vine, young leaves curl and develop dull grey patches with cobweb patches. Advanced infection = musty smelling canopy. Likes humidity and 21~25c i.e. warm, cloudy (but not wet) Summers. Doesn’t like bright sunlight or temp extremes Control = Canopy management to avoid leaf bunching Sulphur sprays prevent, stop and cure the disease

145
Q

Name two Vertical divided vine training systems Name 2 advantages over VSP

A

Scott-Henry - cane pruning Smart-Dyson - cordon pruning Increased canopy area = higher photosynthesis Shoot density halved = canopy less dense = greater fruit exposure Half of shoots trained downwards = de-invigorating effect on the vine

146
Q

What is soils preferred pH?

A

Above 6.5

147
Q

Name regions in EU Zone B

A

Baden, Loire, Champagne, Alsace, Austria

148
Q

What is a Mite? How do they cause damage? Are they always bad? How are they controlled?

A

Minute arachnids 0.2~0.5mm long Feed on green parts esp. leaves, affect photosynthesis, fruit set, cane ripening and grape ripening Predatory mites help control destructive mites Sulphur sprays or Miticides

149
Q

What Average Mean Growing Season temperature is a ‘Hot’ climate? What grapes suit a Hot climate? Give 2 examples of Hot regions

A

>21c

Largely production of table and drying grapes Jerez, San Joaquin Valley Ca

150
Q

Define a High Vigour site What planting density should be used? What type of trellising?

A

>1m deep soil, fertile, good water, plenty of nutrients Low density planting (<3k plants/ha) Complex trellis (Ruakura twin, two tier, GDC)

151
Q

What am I? How am I treated? I live within vine tissue damaging green parts of the plant. Yellow oil spots show on the leaf with white down patches on the underside.

A

Downy Mildew / Peronospora Bordeaux mix (Lime and Copper) sprays every 20mm rain, 15~20cm growth or every 10~14 days

152
Q

Name regions in EU Zone CII

A

Languedoc-Roussillon, Provence, Northern Spain, Most of Italy

153
Q

From a yield point of view what are the 4 most important stages in the growth cycle?

A

Floral initiation Budburst Flowering Fruit set

WSET Diploma SH 2018 (33 decks)

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