Leukocytes (WBCs) Flashcards
Which WBC are granulocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
What are granulocytes
WBCs whose cytoplasm contains tiny granules
What is the source of granulocytes and agranulocytes
bone marrow
Granulocytes are named according to what
staining characteristics of the granules
Granules have substances in them that function to protect the body against _ or _ infections
microbial or parasitic
If granulocytes are not modulated they can cause
tissue damage
What are mature neutrophils called
segmented
What are young neutrophils called
bands
Banded neutrophils are rare in
horses and cattle
What is the most abundant WBC (except in cattle)
neutrophils
When needed, neutrophils enter tissues to
phagocytize foreign substances
In neutrophils, enzymes are in _
lysosomes
Maintenance of normal numbers of neutrophils depends on replacement from
bone marrow
_ are not normally very abundant in circulation and are usually equivalent to monocytes in number
eosinophils
Eosinophils respond to
allergic conditions or parasitic migrations in body
_ are rare in all animals
Basophils
Granules in basophils contain
histamine, heparin, eosinophilic chemotactic substance
Basophils and eosinophils respond to _
IgE
What is IgE
an antibody produced with immediate hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis)
What are agranulocytes
WBC’s that lack granules in their cytoplasm
Monocytes and lymphocytes are _
agranulocytes
Lymphocytes originate in bone marrow then mature in
lymph nodes, spleen, associated lymphoid tissue
Lymphocytes are marked by embryonic and fetal development by _ or _ _ (bursa)
thymus or bone marrow
Functions of lymphocytes
B cells (humoral immunity- produce antibodies)
T cells (cell mediated immunity)
B cells are normally _% of lymphs in circulation
10
What are the functions of monocytes
-phagocytize foreign substances
-cleanup debris
Monocytes are called in by _
neutrophils
Normal range for WBC count
6,000-17,000 WBC/uL for all species
Less than normal range of WBC is called
leukopenia
Greater than normal range WBC count is called
leukocytosis
Where should you examine WBC differential
monolayer on 40x (can use 100x)
Formula for WBC differential
type of WBC seen/ 100 WBCs
When performing a WBC differential, numbers at the end should add up to _ when dings
100
Absolute differential count formula
% type x WBC ct = #type/uL
Predominate WBC type for dogs and cats
neutrophils (60-75%)
Predominate WBC type for horse
neutrophils and lymphocytes- equal
Predominate WBC type for cattle
Lymphocytes
When should you do a corrected WBC count
if you see more than 5 nRBCs
The corrected WBC count is the _ count as it corrects for the nRBCs counted as WBCs; otherwise falsely high values
correct
cWBC formula
original WBC ct x100 / #nRBC +100
If WBCs on feathered edge, your spreader angle is _ _
too steep
What do band neutrophils look like
can be any shape BUT sides are parallel and equi-distant
What does a metamyelocyte look like
nucleus slightly indented (kidney bean shape)
Lymphocytes are the only peripheral leukocyte that can
re-circulate
Reason for production of lymphocytes
some antigen
If lymphocyte is not marked at all =
Null cells (NK cells= natural killer cells)
What is the stimulus for production of monocytes
stimulated at same time of lymphocyte, so some antigen
Monocytes are only in peripheral blood for _-_hrs then go to _
24-36 hours; tissues
Once macrophages are in tissues they are called _
macrophages
In tissue monocytes can be _ or _
fixed or migrating
Migrating macrophages act in _; clean up the mess neutrophils make
inflammation
Neutrophils mature/circulate/leave in _hrs
8
Neutrophils have _ compartments/pools
4 (2 in bone marrow, 2 in circulation)
Neutrophil stimulus for production
Infection: cell wall of bacterial organisms, toxins
Inflammation: trauma, sx, autoimmune
To examine abnormal WBC morphology, 5-10 fields with 100x (oil) in _
monolayer
When examining abnormal neutrophils, look for changes in
nucleus (10% or more immature= left shift) and cytoplasm (changes= toxic changes)
If seeing immature neutrophils in circulation there is an _ _ _ somewhere in body causing early release
increase tissue demand
See immature neutrophils is called a _ _
left shift (going to left in maturation series)
In leukocytosis and 10% or greater bands=
regenerative left shift
If leukopenic or in normal range and 10% or greater bands seen=
degenerative left shift
Degenerative left shift means
tissue demand has exceeded the bone marrow’s ability to keep up
Hypersegmentation looks like
mature seg has more segments (pinches) than normal
What does hypersegmentation indicate
seg has been in circulation longer than it should be (more than 8 hours)
Hypersegmenation is most often due to _ (endogenous or exogenous)
corticosteroids
Toxic changes seen in cytoplasm of neutrophils
- Basophilic cytoplasm
- Dohle bodies
3.Vacuoles
4.Azurophilic granules (least common)
What to look for in abnormal lymphocyte morphology
nuclear changes (immature or atypical)
cytoplasmic changes = reactive lymphocytes
What do atypical lymphocytes look like
deeply cleft or blabbed nuclei
Cytoplasmic changes in reactive lymphocytes
- Basophilic cytoplasm
2.Perinuclear halo
3.Vacuoles
4.Pseuodopodia
5.Azurophilic granules
What does a lymphocyte with Mott cell w/ Russell bodies look like
cytoplasm is even more extensive with lots of vacuoles, nucleus is eccentric
You will only see cytoplasmic changes in monocytes associated with _
phagocytosis
These ingested things in monocytes are indicative of AIHA
Hemosiderin (dark pigment in vacuoles)
Engulfed RBCs (see RBCs in cytoplasm)
Increase in granulocytes =
__philia
-Neutrophilia
-Eosinophilia
-Basophilia
Increase in agranuloctes= __
__cytosis
-Lymphocytosis
-Monocytosis
Decrease in granulocytes and agranulocytes=
__penia
Neutropenia
Lymphoepnia or lymphocytopenia
(All others also w/ this suffix)
