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Clinic Pathology 2 > Leukocytes (WBCs) > Flashcards

Leukocytes (WBCs) Flashcards

1
Q

Which WBC are granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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2
Q

What are granulocytes

A

WBCs whose cytoplasm contains tiny granules

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3
Q

What is the source of granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

bone marrow

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4
Q

Granulocytes are named according to what

A

staining characteristics of the granules

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5
Q

Granules have substances in them that function to protect the body against _ or _ infections

A

microbial or parasitic

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6
Q

If granulocytes are not modulated they can cause

A

tissue damage

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7
Q

What are mature neutrophils called

A

segmented

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8
Q

What are young neutrophils called

A

bands

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9
Q

Banded neutrophils are rare in

A

horses and cattle

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10
Q

What is the most abundant WBC (except in cattle)

A

neutrophils

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11
Q

When needed, neutrophils enter tissues to

A

phagocytize foreign substances

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12
Q

In neutrophils, enzymes are in _

A

lysosomes

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13
Q

Maintenance of normal numbers of neutrophils depends on replacement from

A

bone marrow

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14
Q

_ are not normally very abundant in circulation and are usually equivalent to monocytes in number

A

eosinophils

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15
Q

Eosinophils respond to

A

allergic conditions or parasitic migrations in body

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16
Q

_ are rare in all animals

A

Basophils

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17
Q

Granules in basophils contain

A

histamine, heparin, eosinophilic chemotactic substance

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18
Q

Basophils and eosinophils respond to _

A

IgE

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19
Q

What is IgE

A

an antibody produced with immediate hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis)

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20
Q

What are agranulocytes

A

WBC’s that lack granules in their cytoplasm

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21
Q

Monocytes and lymphocytes are _

A

agranulocytes

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22
Q

Lymphocytes originate in bone marrow then mature in

A

lymph nodes, spleen, associated lymphoid tissue

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23
Q

Lymphocytes are marked by embryonic and fetal development by _ or _ _ (bursa)

A

thymus or bone marrow

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24
Q

Functions of lymphocytes

A

B cells (humoral immunity- produce antibodies)
T cells (cell mediated immunity)

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25
Q

B cells are normally _% of lymphs in circulation

A

10

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26
Q

What are the functions of monocytes

A

-phagocytize foreign substances
-cleanup debris

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27
Q

Monocytes are called in by _

A

neutrophils

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28
Q

Normal range for WBC count

A

6,000-17,000 WBC/uL for all species

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29
Q

Less than normal range of WBC is called

A

leukopenia

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30
Q

Greater than normal range WBC count is called

A

leukocytosis

31
Q

Where should you examine WBC differential

A

monolayer on 40x (can use 100x)

32
Q

Formula for WBC differential

A

type of WBC seen/ 100 WBCs

33
Q

When performing a WBC differential, numbers at the end should add up to _ when dings

A

100

34
Q

Absolute differential count formula

A

% type x WBC ct = #type/uL

35
Q

Predominate WBC type for dogs and cats

A

neutrophils (60-75%)

36
Q

Predominate WBC type for horse

A

neutrophils and lymphocytes- equal

37
Q

Predominate WBC type for cattle

A

Lymphocytes

38
Q

When should you do a corrected WBC count

A

if you see more than 5 nRBCs

39
Q

The corrected WBC count is the _ count as it corrects for the nRBCs counted as WBCs; otherwise falsely high values

A

correct

40
Q

cWBC formula

A

original WBC ct x100 / #nRBC +100

41
Q

If WBCs on feathered edge, your spreader angle is _ _

A

too steep

42
Q

What do band neutrophils look like

A

can be any shape BUT sides are parallel and equi-distant

43
Q

What does a metamyelocyte look like

A

nucleus slightly indented (kidney bean shape)

44
Q

Lymphocytes are the only peripheral leukocyte that can

A

re-circulate

45
Q

Reason for production of lymphocytes

A

some antigen

46
Q

If lymphocyte is not marked at all =

A

Null cells (NK cells= natural killer cells)

47
Q

What is the stimulus for production of monocytes

A

stimulated at same time of lymphocyte, so some antigen

48
Q

Monocytes are only in peripheral blood for _-_hrs then go to _

A

24-36 hours; tissues

49
Q

Once macrophages are in tissues they are called _

A

macrophages

50
Q

In tissue monocytes can be _ or _

A

fixed or migrating

51
Q

Migrating macrophages act in _; clean up the mess neutrophils make

A

inflammation

52
Q

Neutrophils mature/circulate/leave in _hrs

A

8

53
Q

Neutrophils have _ compartments/pools

A

4 (2 in bone marrow, 2 in circulation)

54
Q

Neutrophil stimulus for production

A

Infection: cell wall of bacterial organisms, toxins
Inflammation: trauma, sx, autoimmune

55
Q

To examine abnormal WBC morphology, 5-10 fields with 100x (oil) in _

A

monolayer

56
Q

When examining abnormal neutrophils, look for changes in

A

nucleus (10% or more immature= left shift) and cytoplasm (changes= toxic changes)

57
Q

If seeing immature neutrophils in circulation there is an _ _ _ somewhere in body causing early release

A

increase tissue demand

58
Q

See immature neutrophils is called a _ _

A

left shift (going to left in maturation series)

59
Q

In leukocytosis and 10% or greater bands=

A

regenerative left shift

60
Q

If leukopenic or in normal range and 10% or greater bands seen=

A

degenerative left shift

61
Q

Degenerative left shift means

A

tissue demand has exceeded the bone marrow’s ability to keep up

62
Q

Hypersegmentation looks like

A

mature seg has more segments (pinches) than normal

63
Q

What does hypersegmentation indicate

A

seg has been in circulation longer than it should be (more than 8 hours)

64
Q

Hypersegmenation is most often due to _ (endogenous or exogenous)

A

corticosteroids

65
Q

Toxic changes seen in cytoplasm of neutrophils

A
  1. Basophilic cytoplasm
  2. Dohle bodies
    3.Vacuoles
    4.Azurophilic granules (least common)
66
Q

What to look for in abnormal lymphocyte morphology

A

nuclear changes (immature or atypical)
cytoplasmic changes = reactive lymphocytes

67
Q

What do atypical lymphocytes look like

A

deeply cleft or blabbed nuclei

68
Q

Cytoplasmic changes in reactive lymphocytes

A
  1. Basophilic cytoplasm
    2.Perinuclear halo
    3.Vacuoles
    4.Pseuodopodia
    5.Azurophilic granules
69
Q

What does a lymphocyte with Mott cell w/ Russell bodies look like

A

cytoplasm is even more extensive with lots of vacuoles, nucleus is eccentric

70
Q

You will only see cytoplasmic changes in monocytes associated with _

A

phagocytosis

71
Q

These ingested things in monocytes are indicative of AIHA

A

Hemosiderin (dark pigment in vacuoles)
Engulfed RBCs (see RBCs in cytoplasm)

72
Q

Increase in granulocytes =

A

__philia
-Neutrophilia
-Eosinophilia
-Basophilia

73
Q

Increase in agranuloctes= __

A

__cytosis
-Lymphocytosis
-Monocytosis

74
Q

Decrease in granulocytes and agranulocytes=

A

__penia
Neutropenia
Lymphoepnia or lymphocytopenia
(All others also w/ this suffix)

Clinic Pathology 2 (12 decks)

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