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Clinic Pathology 2 > Evaluating a blood smear > Flashcards

Evaluating a blood smear Flashcards

1
Q

When performing a smear on anemic blood you should _ the angle

A

increase

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2
Q

When performing a smear on dehydrated blood, you should _ the angle

A

decrease

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3
Q

What is the function of an erythrocyte

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

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4
Q

What carries most of the oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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5
Q

When is Hgb production completed?

A

when RBC becomes fully mature

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6
Q

Where is hemoglobin located

A

in RBCs

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7
Q

What stimulates RBC production

A

hypoxia

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8
Q

How does hypoxia stimulate RBC production?

A

causes increased release of a hormone, erythropoietin (EPO) from kidney

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9
Q

How does EPO cause RBC production

A

EPO stimulates the stem cells (pleuripotential) cells of the bone marrow to become RBC precursors

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10
Q

What phase of RBC maturation is described:
-smaller, basophilic cytoplasm, nucleus is pyknotic, chromatin condensed

A

Metarubricyte

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11
Q

What phase of RBC maturation is described:
-smaller, cytoplasm many colors (blue-pink), NO NUCLEUS

A

polychromatophil

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12
Q

What phase of RBC maturation is described:
-Smallest, pink cytoplasm, no nucleus

A

Mature RBC

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13
Q

Trends of RBC maturation:

A

Size: large to small
Nucleus: present & large to absent
Cytoplasm: blue to pink
Organelles: ribosomes to none

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14
Q

What is the last cell to be nucleated

A

metarubricyte

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15
Q

Which cell is un-nucleated and basophilic

A

Polychromatophil

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16
Q

The following are the 3 effects of _:
-Stimulates pleuripotential cell to differentiate into rubriblast
-increases hemoglobin production
-causes early release of polychromatophils

A

EPO

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17
Q

What does it mean if you see polychromatophils on a smear

A

the bone marrow is kicking them out too early meaning there is a demand for them to help carry O2 (even though they can’t carry the full amount)

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18
Q

Why won’t polychromatophils be in circulation immediately even with sudden blood loss?

A

it takes 5-7 days for formation/maturation

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19
Q

RBCs don’t deal well with _ substances

A

toxic

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20
Q

What is the life span of a RBC

A

3 months (90 days)

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21
Q

Where do dead/dying/destructed RBCs go?

A

the spleen

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22
Q

What occurs in the primary way of RBC removal

A

Extravascular hemolysis

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23
Q

Fixed macrophages are located in what organs

A

spleen, liver, bone marrow

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24
Q

In MPS, as a RBC ages it loses flexibility so can’t “percolate” becomes trapped in the _ of the spleen, liver, and bone marrow

A

sinusoids (spaces)

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25
Q

What occurs in the secondary way of RBC removal

A

Intravascular hemolysis

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26
Q

If there is excessive IVH excess Hgb is excreted in urine, this is called

A

hemoglobinuria

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27
Q

MCV is used to determine _ of RBC

A

size (volume)

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28
Q

MCHC and MCH is used to indicate

A

amount of Hgb in RBC, so color

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29
Q

Normal values for MCV in dogs and cats

A

Dog: 60-70fl
Cat: 38-55fl

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30
Q

Terms to describe MCV:
-Less than normal size = _

A

microcytic

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31
Q

Terms to describe MCV:
-normal size range

A

normocytic

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32
Q

Terms to describe MCV:
-Greater than normal size

A

Macrocytic

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33
Q

Interpreation of microcytic MCV

A

Fe deficiency, normal in Akitas

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34
Q

Interpretation of normocytic MCV

A

mature RBCs, brand new anemia

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35
Q

Interpretation of macrocytic MCV

A

responding (regenerative) anemia..WHY? congenital in some mini and toy poodles

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36
Q

Normal range for MCHC in dogs and cats

A

30-36 g/dl

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37
Q

Term for less Hgb than normal in MCHC

A

hypochromic

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38
Q

Term for normal Hgb amount in MCHC

A

normochromic

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39
Q

Cells that stain more intensely are called hyper chromic but why do we term this polychromasia?

A

because true increase in Hgb doesn’t happen

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40
Q

Interpretation of Hypochromic MCHC

A

Fe deficiency

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41
Q

Interpretation of normochromic MCHC

A

normal, brand new anemia, chronic anemia

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42
Q

Interpretation of polychromasia MCHC

A

presence of erythrocytes w/ faint blue cytoplasm, typically macrocytic

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43
Q

Reticulocyte count evaluates what

A

the bone marrow’s response in anemia

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44
Q

Reticulocyte definition

A

polychromatophil when stained with new methylene blue (NMB)

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45
Q

Why don’t we do a retic count in horses

A

because they don’t release polychromatic cells into circulation

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46
Q

Cats and birds always have some retics in circulation even without _

A

anemia

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47
Q

Dogs don’t have retics in circulation without _

A

anemia

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48
Q

How to perform a reticulocyte count

A

-Mix equal amounts of EDTA whole blood w/ NMB stain in a test tube
-Let sit 10-20 min. at room temp
-Place drop of mixture on clean slide; smear like blood film and allow to air dry

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49
Q

What retics should you count for cats and birds

A

ONLY aggregate retics

50
Q

In _ you should count both type retics you see

A

dogs

51
Q

Observed reticulocyte count calculation

A

1000RBC x 0.1
Ex: saw 27 retics when counted 1000 RBC
27 x 0.1= 2.7%

52
Q

Absolute reticulocyte count calculation

A

reticulocyte % (#/100) x RBC count x 1000

53
Q

Corrected reticulocyte count calculation

A

Observed retic ct x patient PCV/ mean PCV for species
Ex: 2.7% x 20/45= 1.19= 1.2%

54
Q

What should be evaluated of RBCs

A
  1. Cell arrangements/ associations
  2. Color
  3. Size
    4.Shape
  4. Inclusions
55
Q

Size of RBC terms

A

Anisocytosis
Microcytosis
Macrocytosis

56
Q

Color of RBC terms

A

Polychromasia
Hypochromasia
Normochromasia

57
Q

Abnormal Shape term for RBC

A

poikilocytosis

58
Q

RBC associations

A

Rouleaux and Agglutination

59
Q

Which is the reversible association condition

A

Rouleaux

60
Q

Where should associations be examined

A

monolayer junction

61
Q

What is the rouleaux association caused by

A

sticky RBCs; ex. high protein levels in plasma make sticky

see with inflammation; seen in healthy horses and cats

62
Q

Which RBC association condition is irreversible

A

agglutination

63
Q

What is agglutination caused by

A

Ag:Ab interaction (cross link bonding)
occurs with immune disorders ex: AIHA; blood transfusion reaction

64
Q

What test should be done if you can’t tell if the association is rouleaux or agglutination

A

saline wash testing; agglutination will remain, rouleaux will disappear

65
Q

- random fields in monolayer should be observed for individual RBC morphology

A

5-10

66
Q

What is the term used when RBCs are unequal in size in 3-4 random fields

A

anisocytosis then qualify: slight, mild, moderate, marked or +1 etc.

67
Q

Anisocytosis is normal in

A

young animals; adult ruminants

68
Q

Anisocystosis is seen in _ _ due to immature RBCs; when 2 cell populations are present (blood transfusions)

A

regenerative anemia

69
Q

How to verify RBCs are smaller in size (microcytic)

A

MCV is low

70
Q

How to verify RBCs are larger (macrocytic)

A

MCV is high

71
Q

How to verify RBCs are normal in color

A

MCHC is normal (normochromic)

72
Q

How to verify RBCs are more pale

A

low MCHC (hypochromic)

73
Q

If some RBCs are bluish in color what is the comment on morphology

A

polychromasia

74
Q

RBCs in a deeper red color are

A

spherocytes

75
Q

Any abnormal RBC shape is termed

A

poikilocytosis

76
Q

What is the spur cell called

A

acanthocyte

77
Q

What is the target cell called

A

codocyte

78
Q

What is the tear drop cell called

A

Dacrocyte

79
Q

What is the biconcave disk called

A

Discocyte

80
Q

What is the sickle cell called

A

Drepanocyte

81
Q

What is the crenated cell, burr cell called

A

Echinocyte

82
Q

What is the ovalocyte called

A

Elliptocyte

83
Q

What is the helmet cell called

A

Keratocyte

84
Q

What is the thin cell called

A

leptocyte

85
Q

What is the mouth cell called

A

stomatocyte

86
Q

characteristics of an acanthocyte

A

-has irregularly placed, variable sized spicules
-not as many spikes as echinocyte

87
Q

Acanthocytes are seen with

A

liver disease, splenic disease, fragmentation disorders (like hemangiosarcoma)

88
Q

Codocytes are caused by

A

too much membrane or reduced Hgb content

89
Q

Polychromatophils commonly _

A

leptocytes

90
Q

Codocytes are seen in

A

regenerative anemia (in polychromatophils), liver or splenic disease (in normochomric cells), iron deficiency anemia (in hypochromic cells)

91
Q

Dacrocytes are seen with

A

fragmentation disease (microangiopathic disease)

92
Q

Caution with looking for echinocytes

A

looks like inclusions and on side look like burr cell

93
Q

When are echinocytes seen

A

RBCs dehydrated, pH increased, hypophosphatemia, uremia, dogs w/ rattlesnake envenomation, pyruvate kinase deficiency, horses with total cation depletion

94
Q

When are echinocytes seen as artifact

A

excess EDTA, improper mixing, old blood, smear prep

95
Q

When disease are elliptocytes seen with

A

cats w/ bone marrow abnormalities, hepatic lipidosis, portosystemic shunts, hereditary

96
Q

What species are elliptocytes normal in

A

camelid, avnin, reptile, fish

97
Q

Keratocytes are seen with

A

fragmentation hemolysis (ex. Heinz body hemolytic anemia, liver disease)

98
Q

Schisctocyte or shizocyte are seen with

A

DIC, vasculitis, fragmentation hemolysis, iron deficiency anemia

99
Q

Torocytes are seen with

A

low Hgb

100
Q

Inclusions can be

A

Developmental, Toxic, Infectious

101
Q

Inclusions can be _ or _ the RBC

A

in or on

102
Q

Developmental inclusions

A

Howell-Jolly bodies
Basophillic stippling

103
Q

Developmental inclusions are normal in what breeds

A

mini schnauzers and dachshunds (in low numbers)

104
Q

Developmental inclusions are seen with what diseases

A

regenerative anemia, lead poisoning, hematopoietic neoplasia, splenic tumors, hyperadrenocorticism

105
Q

Characteristics of Howell-Jolly bodies

A

-nuclear remnants; always spherical, little dot in RBC
-present in small numbers in healthy cats & horses
-see with regenerative anemia, following splenectomy

106
Q

Characteristics of Basophilic stippling

A

-looks like a retic (but is not) and is on routine stain smear
-see with regenerative anemia in ruminants
-in dog & human- lead poisoning

107
Q

Toxic inclusions

A

Heinz bodies

108
Q

Heinz bodies are seen with what toxicities

A

Acetominophen in cats; onions in dogs; maple leaf in horse; zinc in all

109
Q

Heinz bodies are composed of

A

denatured (oxidized) Hgb

110
Q

All the following are _ inclusions:
-Anaplsmosis marginale
-Hemobartonella canis and felis
-Cytauxzoon sp.
-Babesia sp.
-Distemper
-Trypanosoma sp.
-Ehrlichia

A

Infectious

111
Q

Anaplasmosis marginale produces

A

severe extravascular, hemolytic anemia

112
Q

Anaplasmosis marginale is _ transmitted

A

tick

113
Q

Mycoplasma canis and feels are transmitted by _ or infected blood

A

arthropods (ticks)

114
Q

Hemobartonella Canis occurs in

A

long chains in puppies or splenectomized dogs

115
Q

Hemobartonella Canis=Mycoplasma haemocanis occurs in

A

chains, single cocci, ring forms in immunosuppressed cats ( FeLV or FIV positive)

116
Q

Hemobartonella felis= Mycoplasma haemofelis may cause

A

fatal anemia

117
Q

Cytauxzoon sp. is tick transmitted and occurs in

A

central & SE US (bobcat is host)

118
Q

Babes sp. is tick transmitted and causes

A

intravascular hemolysis

119
Q

Distemper inclusions can be found on

A

RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells

120
Q

trypanosoma sp. occurs in tropical climates in

A

cattle, sheep, goats, camel, antelope, birds, man

121
Q

Ehrlichia sp. is tick transmitted and is NOT RBC parasite; is found in

A

WBCs or platelets

122
Q

What should be used to find ehrlichia sp. organisms

A

buffy coat to concentrate and find organisms

Clinic Pathology 2 (12 decks)

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