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Clinic Pathology 2 > Eval. of urine > Flashcards

Eval. of urine Flashcards

1
Q

Monitor diseases to determine if they are

A

-reversible
-irreversible but non-progressive
-irreversible and progressive

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2
Q

What are some non-urinary disorders that indicate urinalysis

A

diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, hepatic failure, severe hemolytic disease, pre-renal azotemia, systemic acidosis

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3
Q

What is an irreversible but no progressive disease?

A

remains the same

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4
Q

What does an irreversible and progressive disease do

A

gets worse

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5
Q

Urine in transparent containers should be performed within _ minutes following collection

A

30

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6
Q

Urine collected for bacterial culture must be collected in _ syringes or _ containers

A

sterilized; sterile

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7
Q

True or False: urine collected via table top is okay for screening UA

A

True

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8
Q

What should be done for collection of urine from normal voiding

A

first portion of urine stream should be excluded from sample because it is often contaminated

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9
Q

_ specimens are most concentrated, increased the chances of finding abnormalities

A

Morning

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10
Q

What should be done for manual compression of urinary bladder

A

external genitalia should be cleaned before bladder expression

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11
Q

Disadvantages of collection of urine by manual compression

A

-bladder can be damaged with excessive digital pressure
-can force bladder urine into prostate gland, ureters, and kidney

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12
Q

_ and _ will be falsely decreased exposed to light

A

bilirubin & urobilinogen

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13
Q

What method of collection is preferred for culture and sensitivity

A

cysto

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14
Q

If urine must be shipped, preserve with:

A

-1 drop of 40% formalin/ 1oz (30ml) urine
-Thymol crystal. 1 part 5% phenol to 9 parts urine

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15
Q

Normal urine volume for dogs

A

20-40 ml/kg in 24 hrs

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16
Q

Normal urine volume for cats

A

28ml/kg in 24 hrs

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17
Q

If SG in nonglucosuric (no glucose in urine) sample is >___ (dog) and __ (cat), urine volume is normal

A

1.030; 1.035

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18
Q

If SG <1.030 (dog) and 1.035 (cat) could indicate _ or _

A

polyuria or oliguria

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19
Q

Color of urine comes from the production of what two pigments

A

urochrome and urobilin

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20
Q

Normal urine color is pale yellow to amber due to _ pigment

A

urochrome

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21
Q

Bilirubinuria, Hematuria, Hemoglobinuria, and myoglobinuria can significantly color the urine _ _ _ or -

A

dark yellow, red, or red brown

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22
Q

Blue urine color=

A

pseuodomonas infections

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23
Q

Green urine=

A

presence of biliverdin

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24
Q

Orange-yellow urine=

A

excess urobilin, bilirubin

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25
Q

Red, pink, red-brown=

A

hematuria, hemoglobonuria, myoglobinuria, porphyriuria

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26
Q

Brown to black urine=

A

melanin, methemoglobin, bile pigments

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27
Q

Sweet odor of urine indicates

A

presence of ketones

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28
Q

Turbidity caused by

A

-crystals
-RBC, WBC, and/or epithelial cells
-Semen
-Bacteria, yeast

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29
Q

Urine specific gravity is used to assess the ability of renal tubules to concentrate or dilute _ _

A

glomerular filtrate

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30
Q

USG is a measurement of _ of urine compared to pure water

A

density

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31
Q

Normal range of USG for dog

A

1.015-1.050

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32
Q

Normal USG for cats

A

1.035-1.060

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33
Q

_ of 3+ increases USG 0.001

A

Proteinuria

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34
Q

_ of 1+ increases USG 0.001

A

Glucosuria

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35
Q

Elevated BUN and Crea levels must be interpreted along with specific gravity in order to determine if their elevation is due to

A

pre renal, renal, or post renal causes

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36
Q

What is the disadvantage of urinometer

A

requires large quantity of urine

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37
Q

Urine dipstick for USG is _

A

inaccurate

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38
Q

USG in isothenuric range in an animal that is dehydrated or azotemic implies inability of renal concentrating ability. This S.G. is now “fixed” and _ _ disease is present

A

renal tubular

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39
Q

Isosthenuria range

A

1.008-1.012

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40
Q

Acid pH indicates

A

starvation, D. Mellitus, Acidosis

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41
Q

Alkaline pH indicates

A

bacteria, old sample, lactate, bicarbonate

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42
Q

_ generally produce an excess of acid metabolites

A

Carnivores

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43
Q

pH is a measure of _ ion concentration

A

hydrogen

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44
Q

Normal pH values of dogs

A

5.2-6.8

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45
Q

Normal pH values of cats

A

6-7

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46
Q

Normal pH for horses and cattle

A

7-8.5

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47
Q

Normal pH for swine and sheep

A

6-8.5

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48
Q

Factors making urine pH acidic

A

-high protein diet
-uncontrolled diabetes
-respiratory diseases involving carbon dioxide retention

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49
Q

Drugs that acidify urine pH

A

-phosphate salts
-ammonium chloride
-D-L methionine
-low dosages of furosemide (lasix)

50
Q

Drugs that alkalinize urine

A

-sodium bicarbonate, sodium lactate
-potassium citrate
-acetazolamine, chlorothiazide

51
Q

A protein positive dipstick test should be checked with _ _

A

Sulfosalicylic acid (5%)

52
Q

Proteinuria is observed with

A

-Inflammation
-Hemoglobinuria
-Hematuria
-Myoglobinuria
-Pyuria

53
Q

Proteinuria range

A

<1 = normal
>1= abnormal

54
Q

Urine ketones are observed with

A

starvation, diabetes-mellitus, shock

55
Q

Bilirubin is increased in _ and _

A

cholestasis and hemolysis

56
Q

When testing for bilirubin, strip is less sensitive than the

A

ictotest

57
Q

Increased levels of urobilinogen are a conformation of bilirubinuria due to _

A

hemolysis

58
Q

Urine should be centrifuged for _minutes at low speed for sediment exam

A

5

59
Q

Pyuria=

A

pus or leukocytes in urine

60
Q

Possible causes of hematuria and pyuria

A

-trauma
-calculi
-infection
-neoplasia
-congestion
-microfilariae

61
Q

Hematuria= bleeding where

A

anywhere in the genitourinary tract

62
Q

What procedure may help localize bleeding from urinary bladder to kidney and helps localize inflammation between urinary bladder to the kidney

A

cystocentesis

63
Q

Pyuria can occur anywhere along genitourinary tract and indicates the presence of an

A

inflammatory process

64
Q

_ may accompany pyuria

A

Bacteria

65
Q

True or False: Finding more than an occasional RBC in urine is considered normal

A

false; is abnormal as RBCs cannot enter the filtrate of an intact nephron

66
Q

What do RBC look like in urine

A

colorless disks

67
Q

In dilute alkaline urine, RBCs swell and lyse (_ cells)

A

ghost

68
Q

In concentrated urine what do RBC look like

A

shrink and appear crenated

69
Q

What do RBC indicate in urine

A

bleeding somewhere in the urogenital tract or occasionally in the genital system

70
Q

WBCs are _ than RBC

A

larger

71
Q

How many WBC may be seen in normal patients

A

<5/hpf

72
Q

More than an occasional WBC in a high power field indicates what

A

an active inflammatory lesion

73
Q

What is the term for excessive WBCs in the urine

A

pyuria

74
Q

Excessive WBCs in urine is indicative of

A

nephritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, ureteritis

75
Q

Inflammatory response is often accompanied by varying amounts of _s and _

A

RBCs and proteinuria

76
Q

True or False: Bacteriuria without pyruia is possible in dogs and cats

A

True

77
Q

What 3 types of epithelial cells may be found in urine

A

squamous, transitional, renal tubular

78
Q

Squamous epithelial cells are from _ _

A

genitral tract

79
Q

Transitional epithelial cells are from _ _

A

urinary tract

80
Q

Transitional epithelial cells are larger than leukocytes but smaller than

A

squamous epithelial cells

81
Q

With inflammation along the urinary tract, increased numbers of _ cells are often observed

A

transitional

82
Q

Differences in transitional epithelial cell size is due to

A

location;
-upper layer- large flattened cells
-intermediate layer- smaller and rounder
-single basal layer- elongated or columnar

83
Q

Renal epithelial cells line the _ _

A

renal tubules

84
Q

Most significant of the epithelial cells because increased numbers indicates

A

tubular necrosis

85
Q

True or False: Renal epithelial cells are rarely found

A

True

86
Q

How to distinguish renal epithelial cells from leukocytes

A

presence of a single round, eccentrically located nucleus

87
Q

_ is sometimes helpful in distinguishing between WBCs and renal tubular cells

A

Stain

88
Q

_ are tubular molds composed of a mucoprotein gel and whatever particles that may be trapped within it:
-Hyaline
-Epithelial
-Leukocyte (WBC)
-Fatty
-Granular
-Waxy
-Erythrocyte (RBC)

A

Casts

89
Q

Hyaline casts are observed with the mildest

A

renal irritation, AND/OR fever, exercise, passive congestion

90
Q

Epithelial cell casts appear intact and indicate

A

renal disease

91
Q

_ _ are probably the earliest indicator of renal tubular cell damage when drugs potentially damaging to kidney are used

A

epithelial casts

92
Q

True or false: 0-1/hpf of Hyaline casts may be seen in urine of normal animals

A

true

93
Q

True or false: 0-5/hpf of Epithelial cell casts are observed in urine of normal animals

A

False, none are observed in normal animals

94
Q

What is the most common type of cast seen

A

Granular casts

95
Q

What are granular casts

A

believed to be degenerated epithelial cells, RBCs or WBCs

96
Q

Granular casts seen in large numbers may indicate tubular degeneration as may occur with

A

nephritis, nephrotoxins, or infections

97
Q

True or false: 0-1/hpf of granular casts may be observed in the urine of normal animals

A

True

98
Q

Waxy casts indicate chronic tubular lesions and are often associated with sever renal disease such as

A

glomerulonephritis amyloidosis

99
Q

True or false: fatty casts are not commonly seen

A

true

100
Q

When may fatty casts be observed

A

in cats with renal disease as well as diabetic dogs and cats

101
Q

Large numbers of fatty casts may indicate

A

degeneration of renal tubules

102
Q

RBC casts are not commonly seen and indicate

A

renal hemorrhage

103
Q

WBC casts can be observed with

A

pyelonephritis

104
Q

_ are commonly observed in urine sediment of male dogs

A

Spermatozoa

105
Q

_ droplets are commonly observed in normal dog and cat urine

A

lipid

106
Q

lipid can be erroneously called _ _ and are not significant

A

budding yeasts

107
Q

What is the scientific name of the swine kidney worm

A

Stephanurus dentatus

108
Q

What is the scientific name for dog and cat bladder worm

A

Personema plica

109
Q

What is the scientific name of the dog kidney worm

A

Dioctophyma renale

110
Q

Some crystals of urine may form as a consequence of _ disease

A

metabolic

111
Q

Crystal type depends on

A

urine pH, concentration, and temperature

112
Q

Refrigerated urine sample will contain _ crystals

A

more

113
Q

Struvite crystals characteristic

A

six to eight sided prisms

114
Q

Amorphous phosphate crystals appear as

A

granular precipitate

115
Q

Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals are _ shaped

A

diamond

116
Q

Calcium oxalate and _ in horses and cattle

A

carbonate

117
Q

Calcium carbonate crystals are round to _ shaped

A

dumbbell

118
Q

Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals are associated with what toxicity

A

ethylene glycol

119
Q

Ammonium bitrate crystals are associated with chronic liver or - disease

A

portal-caval

120
Q

Bilirubin crystals can be observed with _ or _

A

hemolysis or cholestasis

121
Q

Cysteine crystals indicate an inherited abnormality in _ _ (this condition is uncommon)

A

cysteine metabolism

122
Q

True or false: Plant material and fungal spores may be observed in free catch samples, they are insignificant.

A

True

Clinic Pathology 2 (12 decks)

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