Eval. of urine Flashcards
Monitor diseases to determine if they are
-reversible
-irreversible but non-progressive
-irreversible and progressive
What are some non-urinary disorders that indicate urinalysis
diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, hepatic failure, severe hemolytic disease, pre-renal azotemia, systemic acidosis
What is an irreversible but no progressive disease?
remains the same
What does an irreversible and progressive disease do
gets worse
Urine in transparent containers should be performed within _ minutes following collection
30
Urine collected for bacterial culture must be collected in _ syringes or _ containers
sterilized; sterile
True or False: urine collected via table top is okay for screening UA
True
What should be done for collection of urine from normal voiding
first portion of urine stream should be excluded from sample because it is often contaminated
_ specimens are most concentrated, increased the chances of finding abnormalities
Morning
What should be done for manual compression of urinary bladder
external genitalia should be cleaned before bladder expression
Disadvantages of collection of urine by manual compression
-bladder can be damaged with excessive digital pressure
-can force bladder urine into prostate gland, ureters, and kidney
_ and _ will be falsely decreased exposed to light
bilirubin & urobilinogen
What method of collection is preferred for culture and sensitivity
cysto
If urine must be shipped, preserve with:
-1 drop of 40% formalin/ 1oz (30ml) urine
-Thymol crystal. 1 part 5% phenol to 9 parts urine
Normal urine volume for dogs
20-40 ml/kg in 24 hrs
Normal urine volume for cats
28ml/kg in 24 hrs
If SG in nonglucosuric (no glucose in urine) sample is >___ (dog) and __ (cat), urine volume is normal
1.030; 1.035
If SG <1.030 (dog) and 1.035 (cat) could indicate _ or _
polyuria or oliguria
Color of urine comes from the production of what two pigments
urochrome and urobilin
Normal urine color is pale yellow to amber due to _ pigment
urochrome
Bilirubinuria, Hematuria, Hemoglobinuria, and myoglobinuria can significantly color the urine _ _ _ or -
dark yellow, red, or red brown
Blue urine color=
pseuodomonas infections
Green urine=
presence of biliverdin
Orange-yellow urine=
excess urobilin, bilirubin
Red, pink, red-brown=
hematuria, hemoglobonuria, myoglobinuria, porphyriuria
Brown to black urine=
melanin, methemoglobin, bile pigments
Sweet odor of urine indicates
presence of ketones
Turbidity caused by
-crystals
-RBC, WBC, and/or epithelial cells
-Semen
-Bacteria, yeast
Urine specific gravity is used to assess the ability of renal tubules to concentrate or dilute _ _
glomerular filtrate
USG is a measurement of _ of urine compared to pure water
density
Normal range of USG for dog
1.015-1.050
Normal USG for cats
1.035-1.060
_ of 3+ increases USG 0.001
Proteinuria
_ of 1+ increases USG 0.001
Glucosuria
Elevated BUN and Crea levels must be interpreted along with specific gravity in order to determine if their elevation is due to
pre renal, renal, or post renal causes
What is the disadvantage of urinometer
requires large quantity of urine
Urine dipstick for USG is _
inaccurate
USG in isothenuric range in an animal that is dehydrated or azotemic implies inability of renal concentrating ability. This S.G. is now “fixed” and _ _ disease is present
renal tubular
Isosthenuria range
1.008-1.012
Acid pH indicates
starvation, D. Mellitus, Acidosis
Alkaline pH indicates
bacteria, old sample, lactate, bicarbonate
_ generally produce an excess of acid metabolites
Carnivores
pH is a measure of _ ion concentration
hydrogen
Normal pH values of dogs
5.2-6.8
Normal pH values of cats
6-7
Normal pH for horses and cattle
7-8.5
Normal pH for swine and sheep
6-8.5
Factors making urine pH acidic
-high protein diet
-uncontrolled diabetes
-respiratory diseases involving carbon dioxide retention
Drugs that acidify urine pH
-phosphate salts
-ammonium chloride
-D-L methionine
-low dosages of furosemide (lasix)
Drugs that alkalinize urine
-sodium bicarbonate, sodium lactate
-potassium citrate
-acetazolamine, chlorothiazide
A protein positive dipstick test should be checked with _ _
Sulfosalicylic acid (5%)
Proteinuria is observed with
-Inflammation
-Hemoglobinuria
-Hematuria
-Myoglobinuria
-Pyuria
Proteinuria range
<1 = normal
>1= abnormal
Urine ketones are observed with
starvation, diabetes-mellitus, shock
Bilirubin is increased in _ and _
cholestasis and hemolysis
When testing for bilirubin, strip is less sensitive than the
ictotest
Increased levels of urobilinogen are a conformation of bilirubinuria due to _
hemolysis
Urine should be centrifuged for _minutes at low speed for sediment exam
5
Pyuria=
pus or leukocytes in urine
Possible causes of hematuria and pyuria
-trauma
-calculi
-infection
-neoplasia
-congestion
-microfilariae
Hematuria= bleeding where
anywhere in the genitourinary tract
What procedure may help localize bleeding from urinary bladder to kidney and helps localize inflammation between urinary bladder to the kidney
cystocentesis
Pyuria can occur anywhere along genitourinary tract and indicates the presence of an
inflammatory process
_ may accompany pyuria
Bacteria
True or False: Finding more than an occasional RBC in urine is considered normal
false; is abnormal as RBCs cannot enter the filtrate of an intact nephron
What do RBC look like in urine
colorless disks
In dilute alkaline urine, RBCs swell and lyse (_ cells)
ghost
In concentrated urine what do RBC look like
shrink and appear crenated
What do RBC indicate in urine
bleeding somewhere in the urogenital tract or occasionally in the genital system
WBCs are _ than RBC
larger
How many WBC may be seen in normal patients
<5/hpf
More than an occasional WBC in a high power field indicates what
an active inflammatory lesion
What is the term for excessive WBCs in the urine
pyuria
Excessive WBCs in urine is indicative of
nephritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, ureteritis
Inflammatory response is often accompanied by varying amounts of _s and _
RBCs and proteinuria
True or False: Bacteriuria without pyruia is possible in dogs and cats
True
What 3 types of epithelial cells may be found in urine
squamous, transitional, renal tubular
Squamous epithelial cells are from _ _
genitral tract
Transitional epithelial cells are from _ _
urinary tract
Transitional epithelial cells are larger than leukocytes but smaller than
squamous epithelial cells
With inflammation along the urinary tract, increased numbers of _ cells are often observed
transitional
Differences in transitional epithelial cell size is due to
location;
-upper layer- large flattened cells
-intermediate layer- smaller and rounder
-single basal layer- elongated or columnar
Renal epithelial cells line the _ _
renal tubules
Most significant of the epithelial cells because increased numbers indicates
tubular necrosis
True or False: Renal epithelial cells are rarely found
True
How to distinguish renal epithelial cells from leukocytes
presence of a single round, eccentrically located nucleus
_ is sometimes helpful in distinguishing between WBCs and renal tubular cells
Stain
_ are tubular molds composed of a mucoprotein gel and whatever particles that may be trapped within it:
-Hyaline
-Epithelial
-Leukocyte (WBC)
-Fatty
-Granular
-Waxy
-Erythrocyte (RBC)
Casts
Hyaline casts are observed with the mildest
renal irritation, AND/OR fever, exercise, passive congestion
Epithelial cell casts appear intact and indicate
renal disease
_ _ are probably the earliest indicator of renal tubular cell damage when drugs potentially damaging to kidney are used
epithelial casts
True or false: 0-1/hpf of Hyaline casts may be seen in urine of normal animals
true
True or false: 0-5/hpf of Epithelial cell casts are observed in urine of normal animals
False, none are observed in normal animals
What is the most common type of cast seen
Granular casts
What are granular casts
believed to be degenerated epithelial cells, RBCs or WBCs
Granular casts seen in large numbers may indicate tubular degeneration as may occur with
nephritis, nephrotoxins, or infections
True or false: 0-1/hpf of granular casts may be observed in the urine of normal animals
True
Waxy casts indicate chronic tubular lesions and are often associated with sever renal disease such as
glomerulonephritis amyloidosis
True or false: fatty casts are not commonly seen
true
When may fatty casts be observed
in cats with renal disease as well as diabetic dogs and cats
Large numbers of fatty casts may indicate
degeneration of renal tubules
RBC casts are not commonly seen and indicate
renal hemorrhage
WBC casts can be observed with
pyelonephritis
_ are commonly observed in urine sediment of male dogs
Spermatozoa
_ droplets are commonly observed in normal dog and cat urine
lipid
lipid can be erroneously called _ _ and are not significant
budding yeasts
What is the scientific name of the swine kidney worm
Stephanurus dentatus
What is the scientific name for dog and cat bladder worm
Personema plica
What is the scientific name of the dog kidney worm
Dioctophyma renale
Some crystals of urine may form as a consequence of _ disease
metabolic
Crystal type depends on
urine pH, concentration, and temperature
Refrigerated urine sample will contain _ crystals
more
Struvite crystals characteristic
six to eight sided prisms
Amorphous phosphate crystals appear as
granular precipitate
Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals are _ shaped
diamond
Calcium oxalate and _ in horses and cattle
carbonate
Calcium carbonate crystals are round to _ shaped
dumbbell
Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals are associated with what toxicity
ethylene glycol
Ammonium bitrate crystals are associated with chronic liver or - disease
portal-caval
Bilirubin crystals can be observed with _ or _
hemolysis or cholestasis
Cysteine crystals indicate an inherited abnormality in _ _ (this condition is uncommon)
cysteine metabolism
True or false: Plant material and fungal spores may be observed in free catch samples, they are insignificant.
True
