Leukocytes And Leukograms Flashcards
In neutrophil production, what stages take part in both proliferation and maturation
Myeloblast
Progranulocyte
Myelocyte
What stages of neutrophil production are only about maturation
Metamyelocyte
Band
Segmented neutrophil
Every myeloblast can make ______________ neutrophils
16-32
How is the maturation and proliferation of neutrophils regulated?
Cytokines produced mostly by machrophages
The transit time form stem cell to maturation in the bone marrow takes how long
7-10days
Decreased with inflammation
How long is the half life of a circulating neutrophil
6-10hrs
What term is used for a decreased concentration of cells
Penia
Eg cytopenia / neutropenia / lymphopenia/ eosinopenia
What term is used for an increased concentration of cells
Philia or cytosis
Eg. Neutrophilia, eosinophilia or basophilia
Eg. Monocytosis and lymphocytosis
What does it mean for a leukogram to be “left shift”
Increased concentration of immature neutrophils in the blood
If you see a left shift leukogram with a neutropenia, what does this mean?
AKA degenerative left shift
Severe inflammatory response
Neutrophils are leaving circulation to go to the site of inflammation -> neutropenia
Left shift due to increased demand of WBC
What does it mean for maturation to be orderly?
Concentration of each cell increase with the degree of maturity.
Segs> bands > metamyelocytes
Disorderly maturation means??
Consumption is very severe
OR
Neoplasic process is present (leukemia)
What is leukemia?
Presence of neoplastic cells int he blood or bone marrow
Lymphoproliferative disorders involve what cells?
Lymphocytes and plasma cells
Myeloproliferative disorders involve what cells?
Neoplasms of bone marrow stem cells
Neutrophil, monocytes, erythrocytes, and rarely eosinophils and basophils
A neoplasm involving T or B cells that is confined to solid tissue is called?
Lymphoma or lymphosarcoma
What do you call a neoplastic process of T or B cells that involves marrow or blood
Lymphocytic leukemia
What do you call a neoplastic process involving B cells that are differentiated into plasma cells
Multiple myeloma
Red cell leukemia is AKA
Erythema myelosis
A leukemia of neutrophils is called?
Granulocytic leukemia
A leukemia involving monocytes is calle?
Monocytic leukemia
That’s an easy one
A leukemia that is a combination of neutrophils and monocytes is called?
Myelomonocytic leukemia
What do you call a leukemia that is a combo of red cells, neutrophils, or monocytes
Erytholeukemia Or Megakaryocytic leukemia Or Osteosclerosis Or Myelofibrosis
Or whatever you feel like calling it on that particular day
What is neutrophil toxic change??
Accelerated rate of production, in inflammation causes persistence of ribosomes
Increased basophilia of cytoplasm
Presence of Doyle bodies
Cytoplasmic vacuolation
What does neutrophil hyper-segmentation tell us??
Relatively non important
Normal aging - longer circulating time due to corticosteroids or left blood film out
What is neutrophil degeneration
From neutrophils not in circulation -> abscess, airway, body cavity effusion
Marked cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear swelling leading to cell lysis
What are the 4 inherited neutrophil abnormalities?
Pelger-Huet anomaly
Birman Cat neutrophil granulation anomaly
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Lysosomal storage disorder
What is a pleger-huet anomaly?
Neutrophil nucleus fails to constrict
Appears to have 80-90% bands
Homozygous usually die in utero
Heterozygous usually do not have clinical signs
What is a Birman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly?
Appears like a lysosomal storage disease
Can occur in up to 50% of Birman cats
No clinical disese
How can you differentiate a Birman cat neutrophil anomaly from a lysosomal storage disorder?
Neutrophils will look similar, both with granulation in them
If you look at a lymphocytes
-> only lysosomal storage disorder will also have vacuolation granules in theses cells as well
What is Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Lysosomes fuse in neutrophils and melanocytes
Cause an odd coat colour- grey/silver
Neutrophils have poor function
Also can see platelet abnormalities
What is a lysosomal storage disorder
Lysosome acquires accumulations
Causes clinical abnormalities
Will see this in lymphocytes and monocytes
What are the inherited lymphocyte abnormalities?
MPS and GM2 gangliosidosis –> cytoplasmic granulation or vacuolation
a-mannosidosis, Niemann pick disease, acid lipase deficiency, and fucosidosis –> lymphocyte cytoplasmic vacuolation only
What is an acquired lymphocyte vacuolation??
Ingestion of plants containing swainsonine (locoweed) –> inhibits lysosomal enzymes
In a cat you see a 2x fold leukocytosis. What is this likely due to?
Excitement response
Epinephrine –> increased blood flow and microcirculation shifts leukocytes from marginated pool to circulating pool
Leukogram shows you a neutrophilia with concurrent lymphopenia. What is this telling you?
Stress response
- occurs with illness, pain, and metabolic disturbances
- treatment with corticosteroids
Neutrophilia can be 2X the upper ref range
A lack of a stress response in a sick animal should trigger consideration of ??
Hypoadrenocorticism
What would you see in a neutrophilia due to inflammation?
Left first or a neutrophil concentration greater than 2x the upper limit
Do you see a left shift in a neutrophilia due to excitement or stress?
Nope
Lymphocytosis causes?
Excitement
Neoplastic lymphoproliferative disease
Antigenic situation
Ehrlicioisis
What can result in a neutropenia?
Consumption by inflammatory lesions
Immune mediated destruction
Lack of production by bone marrow
-> reversible or irreversible
Addison’s disease
What can bee the cause of a lymphopenia
Steroid response
Acute viral infection
Immunodeficiency
What are causes of monocytosis?
Inflammation
Stress response
What are causes of eosinophilia?
Parasitism
Hypersensitivity
Lesions producing eosinophils chemoattractants. Eg mast cell tumor
Basophilia will usually accompany this
