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RUSVM Clinical Pathology > Leukocytes And Leukograms > Flashcards

Leukocytes And Leukograms Flashcards

1
Q

In neutrophil production, what stages take part in both proliferation and maturation

A

Myeloblast
Progranulocyte
Myelocyte

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2
Q

What stages of neutrophil production are only about maturation

A

Metamyelocyte
Band
Segmented neutrophil

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3
Q

Every myeloblast can make ______________ neutrophils

A

16-32

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4
Q

How is the maturation and proliferation of neutrophils regulated?

A

Cytokines produced mostly by machrophages

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5
Q

The transit time form stem cell to maturation in the bone marrow takes how long

A

7-10days

Decreased with inflammation

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6
Q

How long is the half life of a circulating neutrophil

A

6-10hrs

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7
Q

What term is used for a decreased concentration of cells

A

Penia

Eg cytopenia / neutropenia / lymphopenia/ eosinopenia

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8
Q

What term is used for an increased concentration of cells

A

Philia or cytosis

Eg. Neutrophilia, eosinophilia or basophilia
Eg. Monocytosis and lymphocytosis

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9
Q

What does it mean for a leukogram to be “left shift”

A

Increased concentration of immature neutrophils in the blood

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10
Q

If you see a left shift leukogram with a neutropenia, what does this mean?

A

AKA degenerative left shift
Severe inflammatory response

Neutrophils are leaving circulation to go to the site of inflammation -> neutropenia
Left shift due to increased demand of WBC

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11
Q

What does it mean for maturation to be orderly?

A

Concentration of each cell increase with the degree of maturity.

Segs> bands > metamyelocytes

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12
Q

Disorderly maturation means??

A

Consumption is very severe

OR

Neoplasic process is present (leukemia)

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13
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Presence of neoplastic cells int he blood or bone marrow

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14
Q

Lymphoproliferative disorders involve what cells?

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

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15
Q

Myeloproliferative disorders involve what cells?

A

Neoplasms of bone marrow stem cells

Neutrophil, monocytes, erythrocytes, and rarely eosinophils and basophils

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16
Q

A neoplasm involving T or B cells that is confined to solid tissue is called?

A

Lymphoma or lymphosarcoma

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17
Q

What do you call a neoplastic process of T or B cells that involves marrow or blood

A

Lymphocytic leukemia

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18
Q

What do you call a neoplastic process involving B cells that are differentiated into plasma cells

A

Multiple myeloma

19
Q

Red cell leukemia is AKA

A

Erythema myelosis

20
Q

A leukemia of neutrophils is called?

A

Granulocytic leukemia

21
Q

A leukemia involving monocytes is calle?

A

Monocytic leukemia

That’s an easy one

22
Q

A leukemia that is a combination of neutrophils and monocytes is called?

A

Myelomonocytic leukemia

23
Q

What do you call a leukemia that is a combo of red cells, neutrophils, or monocytes

A 
Erytholeukemia 
Or
Megakaryocytic leukemia 
Or 
Osteosclerosis 
Or 
Myelofibrosis

Or whatever you feel like calling it on that particular day

24
Q

What is neutrophil toxic change??

A

Accelerated rate of production, in inflammation causes persistence of ribosomes

Increased basophilia of cytoplasm
Presence of Doyle bodies
Cytoplasmic vacuolation

25
Q

What does neutrophil hyper-segmentation tell us??

A

Relatively non important

Normal aging - longer circulating time due to corticosteroids or left blood film out

26
Q

What is neutrophil degeneration

A

From neutrophils not in circulation -> abscess, airway, body cavity effusion

Marked cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear swelling leading to cell lysis

27
Q

What are the 4 inherited neutrophil abnormalities?

A

Pelger-Huet anomaly
Birman Cat neutrophil granulation anomaly
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Lysosomal storage disorder

28
Q

What is a pleger-huet anomaly?

A

Neutrophil nucleus fails to constrict
Appears to have 80-90% bands

Homozygous usually die in utero
Heterozygous usually do not have clinical signs

29
Q

What is a Birman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly?

A

Appears like a lysosomal storage disease
Can occur in up to 50% of Birman cats

No clinical disese

30
Q

How can you differentiate a Birman cat neutrophil anomaly from a lysosomal storage disorder?

A

Neutrophils will look similar, both with granulation in them

If you look at a lymphocytes
-> only lysosomal storage disorder will also have vacuolation granules in theses cells as well

31
Q

What is Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?

A

Lysosomes fuse in neutrophils and melanocytes
Cause an odd coat colour- grey/silver

Neutrophils have poor function
Also can see platelet abnormalities

32
Q

What is a lysosomal storage disorder

A

Lysosome acquires accumulations

Causes clinical abnormalities
Will see this in lymphocytes and monocytes

33
Q

What are the inherited lymphocyte abnormalities?

A

MPS and GM2 gangliosidosis –> cytoplasmic granulation or vacuolation

a-mannosidosis, Niemann pick disease, acid lipase deficiency, and fucosidosis –> lymphocyte cytoplasmic vacuolation only

34
Q

What is an acquired lymphocyte vacuolation??

A

Ingestion of plants containing swainsonine (locoweed) –> inhibits lysosomal enzymes

35
Q

In a cat you see a 2x fold leukocytosis. What is this likely due to?

A

Excitement response

Epinephrine –> increased blood flow and microcirculation shifts leukocytes from marginated pool to circulating pool

36
Q

Leukogram shows you a neutrophilia with concurrent lymphopenia. What is this telling you?

A

Stress response

  • occurs with illness, pain, and metabolic disturbances
  • treatment with corticosteroids

Neutrophilia can be 2X the upper ref range

37
Q

A lack of a stress response in a sick animal should trigger consideration of ??

A

Hypoadrenocorticism

38
Q

What would you see in a neutrophilia due to inflammation?

A

Left first or a neutrophil concentration greater than 2x the upper limit

39
Q

Do you see a left shift in a neutrophilia due to excitement or stress?

A

Nope

40
Q

Lymphocytosis causes?

A

Excitement

Neoplastic lymphoproliferative disease

Antigenic situation

Ehrlicioisis

41
Q

What can result in a neutropenia?

A

Consumption by inflammatory lesions

Immune mediated destruction

Lack of production by bone marrow
-> reversible or irreversible

Addison’s disease

42
Q

What can bee the cause of a lymphopenia

A

Steroid response

Acute viral infection

Immunodeficiency

43
Q

What are causes of monocytosis?

A

Inflammation

Stress response

44
Q

What are causes of eosinophilia?

A

Parasitism

Hypersensitivity

Lesions producing eosinophils chemoattractants. Eg mast cell tumor

Basophilia will usually accompany this

RUSVM Clinical Pathology (18 decks)

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