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Internal medicine (small) > Leucocytes responses (Yr 3) > Flashcards

Leucocytes responses (Yr 3) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five main leucocyte types?

A

neutrophils
monocytes
lymphocytes
eosinophils
basophils

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2
Q

what leucocytes are granulocytes (granules with polylobed nuclei)?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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3
Q

what is the main function of neutrophils and eosinophils?

A

involved in innate immunity (phagocytosis)

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4
Q

what part of the smear is assessed when looking at cell counts and morphology?

A

monolayer

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5
Q

what is usually the most abundant leucocyte?

A

neutrophil

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6
Q

what is the morphology of a mature nucleus?

A

3-5 lobed nucleus
clear/pale pink cytoplasm

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7
Q

how do banded (immature) neutrophils appear?

A

U shaped nucleus with parallel sides

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8
Q

what is the role of neutrophils?

A

kill/inactive bacteria, yeast, fungi, parasites
eliminate infected/transformed cells
modulate immune response

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9
Q

what are the pools of neutrophils in the body?

A

bone marrow (proliferative, maturation, storage)
blood
tissue

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10
Q

what regulates production of neutrophils?

A

cytokines and growth factors

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11
Q

how long does it take for a neutrophil to mature?

A

7 days

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12
Q

what is toxic change to neutrophils and how is it caused?

A

inflammation accelerates neutrophil maturation causing them to be misshapen

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13
Q

what is the blood transit time of neutrophils?

A

6-10 hours

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14
Q

what is the first manifestation in blood if haemopoiesis stops?

A

neutropenia (shortest lifespan)

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15
Q

what is a left shift?

A

inflammation causing more immature (banded) neutrophils to be present in circulation

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16
Q

what are the two types of left shift?

A

regenerative
degenerative

17
Q

what is a regenerative left shift?

A

neutrophilia with lots of banded neutrophils

18
Q

what is a degenerative left shift?

A

normal/low neutrophil count with increased immature cells (inability to meet inflammatory process)

19
Q

how is a degenerative left shift associated with prognosis?

A

poor prognostic indicator

20
Q

what are the overall causes of neutrophilia?

A

physiological (stress, adrenalin)
acute inflammatory response
stress/corticosteroid induced
paraneoplastic

21
Q

what causes physiological neutrophilia?

A

increased blood flow from adrenalin/fear causes mature neutrophils to be redistributed from the marginated pool on the edge of vessels to the circulating pool

22
Q

what are the features of a stress leukogram?

A

mature neutrophilia
monocytosis
lymphopenia
eosinopenia

23
Q

how can the neutrophilia associated with the acute inflammatory response present?

A

can be with or without a left shift
can be regenerative or degenerative

24
Q

what causes toxic change of neutrophils?

A

reduced maturation time in the bone marrow due to intense stimulation of myelopoiesis

25
Q

what are some causes of neutrophil dysfunction?

A

immunodeficiency syndromes (inherited)
diabetes mellitus
neoplasia
FeLV

26
Q

what are the basic causes of neutropenia?

A

overwhelming demand
reduced/ineffective production
(some rare disease)

27
Q

when does overwhelming demand of neutrophils occur leading to a neutropenia?

A

severe bacterial infection (pyometra, peritonitis, pyothorax)

28
Q

what are some causes of reduced haemopoiesis?

A

bone marrow hypoplasia
after chemotherapy
parvovirus infection (transient)
oestrogens
neoplasia

29
Q

what is the main functions of eosinophils?

A

kill parasite
control hypersensitivity reactions
allergies and inflammation

30
Q

what are the functions of basophils?

A

potentiate inflammation and hypersensitivity
histamine release
(respond with eosinophils)

31
Q

what is the function of monocytes?

A

they are circulating precursors to macrophages, responsible for phagocytosis

32
Q

what can cause monocytosis?

A

often reflect chronic inflammation
acute inflammatory response
necrotic tissues
immune mediated disease
part of stress leukogram

33
Q

what is the most common change to leucocytes when there is acute inflammation?

A

neutrophils with a left shift

34
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

35
Q

what happens to B lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulation?

A

become plasma cells that release immunoglobulins

36
Q

what are the types of T lymphocytes?

A

T-helper cells
cytotoxic T cells
T-regulatory cells

37
Q

what can cause lymphocytosis?

A

physiological (adrenalin)
prolonged immune stimulation
youth
lymphoproliferative disease
post-vaccination
hypoadrenocorticism

38
Q

what can cause lymphopenia?

A

corticosteroid (shifts lymphocytes from circulation)
viral disease
loss of lymph (effusions)
sepsis/endotoxaemia
lymphoma

39
Q
A

Internal medicine (small) (33 decks)

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