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Biology 12 > Lesson Two > Flashcards

Lesson Two Flashcards

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1
Q

What element is basic for life?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

To join the unit molecules together is called….

A

Dehydration synthesis

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3
Q

How do you break down a polymer and what’s this called?

A

Take a molecule of water- hydrolysis

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4
Q

What are carbohydrates? And what are the groups called?

A

Sugars.

Groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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5
Q

The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is…

A

2:1

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6
Q

Sugars provide us with…

A

Short term energy

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7
Q

Monosaccharides

A

5 or 6 carbon sugars

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8
Q

Monosaccarides are…. and examples

A 
Are hexoses (6 carbon sugars),
Fructose, glucose, galactose
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9
Q

Disassccharides are….

A

Double sugars (two simple sugars bonded together)

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10
Q

Maltose

A

2 molecules of glucose

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11
Q

Sucrose

A

1 glucose and 1 fructose

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12
Q

Lactose

A

1 glucose and 1 galactose

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13
Q

Starch

A

Made up of many glucose molecules bonded together in long chains with few side chains
“Plant storage”

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14
Q

Glycogen

A

Has long chains of glucose but had many side chains

“Animal starch”

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15
Q

Cellulose

A

Made of long chains of glucose molecules with alternating linkages of oxygen and no side chains
“Cell walls-human body can’t digest, is fiber”

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16
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Source of short term energy for all organisms, storage form of food in both plants and animals.

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17
Q

Lipids are

A

Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids

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18
Q

Fatty acids are

A

One of the two buildings blocks of neutral fats and are non-polar chains of carbon hydrogen with carboxylic acid.

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19
Q

Saturated fatty acids are compounds…,

A

Without double bonds between carbon atoms (holding all the hydrogen they can)

20
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Have double bonds between carbon atoms

21
Q

Neutral fats

A

1 molecule of glycerol in combination with 1,2, or 3 molecules of fatty acids (have E shape)

22
Q

Fats (saturated) are of what origin

A

Animal and solid at room temperature

23
Q

Oils (unsaturated fats)

A

Usually of plant origin and are liquid at room temperature because of double bonds

24
Q

Waxed

A

Have fatty acids joined to a long chain of alcohol rather than glycerol

25
Q

Sterols

A

Compounds such as sex hormones or cholesterol. Considered lipids because insoluble in water.

26
Q

Cholesterol

A

Is important but too much results in fatty deposits inside arteries and narrows pathway for blood so heart has to pump harder

27
Q

Steroids

A

3 six carbon rings on one 5 carbon ring (attached groups vary)

28
Q

Cholesterol is important because..

A

It is part of cell membrane and the protective cover around nerve fibres

29
Q

Phospholipids

A

Are a variation of a triglyceride where one of the 3 fatty acids is replaced with a phosphate and a nitrogen containing group. (Resembles E but had phosphate and nitrogen group). Phospholipids can mix with both polar and non-polar materials.

30
Q

Polar (relationship with water?)

A

Likes water

31
Q

Non-polar tail (relationship with water?)

A

Dislikes watered

32
Q

Phospholipids are important because…..

A

They form much of cell membrane

33
Q

Heads of phospholipids are….

A

Polar; and are hydrophilic

34
Q

Tails of phospholipids are….

A

Non-polar and are hydrophobic

35
Q

Protein is made up of what elements

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

36
Q

Basic structure of all proteins

A

Long chains of amino acids. Amine group (H-N-H) connected to a carbon connnected to a H (also connected to a radical group), snd a carboxy’ group (double O to C and single to OH)

37
Q

Amino acids are joined by what type of bond?

A

Peptide

38
Q

The order and combination of amino acids determined the…

A

Type of protein that is produced

39
Q

Primary protein

A

Chains of amino acids (polymers), just a sequence. Have peptide bonds

40
Q

Secondary structure of protein

A

As amino acids get longer they twist into an alpha helix hydrogen bonds form between hydrogen of one amino acid and an oxygen further down.

41
Q

Tertiary and Quaternary Structures

A

Bending and folding of alpha helix into globular molecule, kinks are created by amino acids that can’t fit. There are hydrogen, ionic, covalent and/or sulfur bonds.

42
Q

Denature

A

Weaker hydrogen and ionic bonds of tertiary structure are easily broken- If protein’s normal shape is destroyed because of environmental conditions it will not work.

43
Q

Nucleic acids are made up of…

A

Polymers of nucleotides

44
Q

Nucleotides parts

A

Sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

45
Q

DNA and RNA

A

Are genetic material that are involved in the functioning of chromosomes

46
Q

ATP

A

(adenosine triphosphate) ATP is a RNA nucleotide with an adenine base, ATO base breaks created ADP (adenosine diphosohate) and energy

47
Q

ATO is often called…

A

The energy currency of the cell

Biology 12 (11 decks)

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