Lesson Two Flashcards
What element is basic for life?
Carbon
To join the unit molecules together is called….
Dehydration synthesis
How do you break down a polymer and what’s this called?
Take a molecule of water- hydrolysis
What are carbohydrates? And what are the groups called?
Sugars.
Groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is…
2:1
Sugars provide us with…
Short term energy
Monosaccharides
5 or 6 carbon sugars
Monosaccarides are…. and examples
Are hexoses (6 carbon sugars), Fructose, glucose, galactose
Disassccharides are….
Double sugars (two simple sugars bonded together)
Maltose
2 molecules of glucose
Sucrose
1 glucose and 1 fructose
Lactose
1 glucose and 1 galactose
Starch
Made up of many glucose molecules bonded together in long chains with few side chains
“Plant storage”
Glycogen
Has long chains of glucose but had many side chains
“Animal starch”
Cellulose
Made of long chains of glucose molecules with alternating linkages of oxygen and no side chains
“Cell walls-human body can’t digest, is fiber”
Functions of carbohydrates
Source of short term energy for all organisms, storage form of food in both plants and animals.
Lipids are
Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids
Fatty acids are
One of the two buildings blocks of neutral fats and are non-polar chains of carbon hydrogen with carboxylic acid.
Saturated fatty acids are compounds…,
Without double bonds between carbon atoms (holding all the hydrogen they can)
Unsaturated fatty acids
Have double bonds between carbon atoms
Neutral fats
1 molecule of glycerol in combination with 1,2, or 3 molecules of fatty acids (have E shape)
Fats (saturated) are of what origin
Animal and solid at room temperature
Oils (unsaturated fats)
Usually of plant origin and are liquid at room temperature because of double bonds
Waxed
Have fatty acids joined to a long chain of alcohol rather than glycerol
Sterols
Compounds such as sex hormones or cholesterol. Considered lipids because insoluble in water.
Cholesterol
Is important but too much results in fatty deposits inside arteries and narrows pathway for blood so heart has to pump harder
Steroids
3 six carbon rings on one 5 carbon ring (attached groups vary)
Cholesterol is important because..
It is part of cell membrane and the protective cover around nerve fibres
Phospholipids
Are a variation of a triglyceride where one of the 3 fatty acids is replaced with a phosphate and a nitrogen containing group. (Resembles E but had phosphate and nitrogen group). Phospholipids can mix with both polar and non-polar materials.
Polar (relationship with water?)
Likes water
Non-polar tail (relationship with water?)
Dislikes watered
Phospholipids are important because…..
They form much of cell membrane
Heads of phospholipids are….
Polar; and are hydrophilic
Tails of phospholipids are….
Non-polar and are hydrophobic
Protein is made up of what elements
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Basic structure of all proteins
Long chains of amino acids. Amine group (H-N-H) connected to a carbon connnected to a H (also connected to a radical group), snd a carboxy’ group (double O to C and single to OH)
Amino acids are joined by what type of bond?
Peptide
The order and combination of amino acids determined the…
Type of protein that is produced
Primary protein
Chains of amino acids (polymers), just a sequence. Have peptide bonds
Secondary structure of protein
As amino acids get longer they twist into an alpha helix hydrogen bonds form between hydrogen of one amino acid and an oxygen further down.
Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
Bending and folding of alpha helix into globular molecule, kinks are created by amino acids that can’t fit. There are hydrogen, ionic, covalent and/or sulfur bonds.
Denature
Weaker hydrogen and ionic bonds of tertiary structure are easily broken- If protein’s normal shape is destroyed because of environmental conditions it will not work.
Nucleic acids are made up of…
Polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotides parts
Sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
DNA and RNA
Are genetic material that are involved in the functioning of chromosomes
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) ATP is a RNA nucleotide with an adenine base, ATO base breaks created ADP (adenosine diphosohate) and energy
ATO is often called…
The energy currency of the cell
