Lesson Eleven Flashcards
Nasal Cavity
Air is warmed, filtered, and moistened
Pharynx
Passage for air and food
Glottis
Top of larynx, upper part of windpipe, covered by epiglottis when swallowing food
Larynx
Voice box, adam’s apple
Vocal cords
Vibrate as air is forced past
Trachea
Windpipe, made of rings of cartilage to prevent collapsing. Colis move debris out of respiratory system
Bronchi
Branches of trachea, one to each lung
Bronchioles
Smaller branches of bronchi, no cartilage
Alveoli
Rounded end of small bronchioles, where gas exchange occurs
Pleural membranes
Covers the surface, double membrane, allows the surface of the lungs to slide over the body wall easily. Seals off thoracic cavity.
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity, from diaphragm to throat
Diaphragm
Horizontal muscle, separates the thoracic cavity with the abdominal cavity
Ribs
Protects internal organs, when ribs contact with intercostal muscles they rise and increase volume in thoracic cavity
Cleansing of debris
Initial cleaning done by nose hairs and mucous in nasal passageways. Second is where mucous and cilia help remove particles from the circulatory system. Cilia are in constant beating motion moving the debris filled mucous to the pharynx
Adjusting to body temperature
The more contact the air has with moist tissues that are 37 degrees, the closer the air gets to 37 degrees. There will be no difference in the temperature by the alveoli
Adjusted to 100% humidity
Air in the lungs is saturated with water.
Specialization of Alveoli
- Very numerous: provides a great surface area for diffusion
- Thin-walled: one cell thick, aids in diffusion
- Coating of lipoprotein on their inner surface to help maintain surface tension and to prevent them from collapsing and sticking together during exhalation
- Stretch receptors: mark when they are full
- Highly vascularized
- Made up of epithelial cells
3 things that make lungs efficient with gas exchange
- Huge surface area
- Only 2 cell layers separate air in lungs from blood
- Moist
Four processes that make up respiratory system
- breathing
- external respiration
- internal respiration
- cellular respiration
Breathing
Inspiration: brings oxygen into the lungs
Expiration: expels carbon dioxide
External respiration
Exchange of gases between blood and lungs
Internal respiration
Exchange of gasses between blood and body tissues
Cellular respiration
Production of ATP energy within the cells
Pleural membranes
2 sets of membranes: one joined to lung, one joined to the ribs and diaphragm, separated by slight amount of fluid. Have interpleural pressure
Primary stimuli for breathing
CO2 and H concentration, when they get too high the medulla oblongata is stimulated
Nerve impulse during inhalation travels from where to where?
Medulla oblongata to the diaphragm and rib cage
Do lungs have muscles?
No
Why does air rush into the lungs?
To rebalance the low pressure in the lungs
Why does exhalation occur
When the lungs are full stretch receptors in the alveoli are stimulated and the medulla oblongata is notified. Then the diaphragm and muscles relax.
During exhalation the lung pressure…
The lung pressure increases and forces the air outwards
Receptors in the human body
Carotid bodies- carotid artery
Aortic bodies- in the aorta
9% of….
Carbon dioxide
27%…
Carbon dioxide attaches to hemoglobin to form carboaminohemoglobin
64% of carbon…
Combines with water and forms bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions
When hydrogen combines with hemoglobin….
Hemoglobin releases some of the oxygen attached to it
External Respiration
Oxygen diffusés into blood and joins with reduced hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin and hydrogen ions, H picked up by bicarbonate to temporarily form carbonic acid which breaks down quickly to produce CO2 and H2O, dissolved CO2 diffusés into lung alveoli, carbaminohemoglobin breaks down to CO2 and hemoglobin
H does not accumulate because…
As soon as it is released from HHb, which combines with HCO3 to release carbon dioxide.
Internal respiration in the capillary bed
Hb + H —
External respiration in the alveoli of the lungs
HHb —
