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Biology 12 > Lesson Eleven > Flashcards

Lesson Eleven Flashcards

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1
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

Air is warmed, filtered, and moistened

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2
Q

Pharynx

A

Passage for air and food

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3
Q

Glottis

A

Top of larynx, upper part of windpipe, covered by epiglottis when swallowing food

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4
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box, adam’s apple

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5
Q

Vocal cords

A

Vibrate as air is forced past

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6
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe, made of rings of cartilage to prevent collapsing. Colis move debris out of respiratory system

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7
Q

Bronchi

A

Branches of trachea, one to each lung

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8
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smaller branches of bronchi, no cartilage

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9
Q

Alveoli

A

Rounded end of small bronchioles, where gas exchange occurs

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10
Q

Pleural membranes

A

Covers the surface, double membrane, allows the surface of the lungs to slide over the body wall easily. Seals off thoracic cavity.

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11
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity, from diaphragm to throat

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12
Q

Diaphragm

A

Horizontal muscle, separates the thoracic cavity with the abdominal cavity

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13
Q

Ribs

A

Protects internal organs, when ribs contact with intercostal muscles they rise and increase volume in thoracic cavity

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14
Q

Cleansing of debris

A

Initial cleaning done by nose hairs and mucous in nasal passageways. Second is where mucous and cilia help remove particles from the circulatory system. Cilia are in constant beating motion moving the debris filled mucous to the pharynx

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15
Q

Adjusting to body temperature

A

The more contact the air has with moist tissues that are 37 degrees, the closer the air gets to 37 degrees. There will be no difference in the temperature by the alveoli

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16
Q

Adjusted to 100% humidity

A

Air in the lungs is saturated with water.

17
Q

Specialization of Alveoli

A
  1. Very numerous: provides a great surface area for diffusion
  2. Thin-walled: one cell thick, aids in diffusion
  3. Coating of lipoprotein on their inner surface to help maintain surface tension and to prevent them from collapsing and sticking together during exhalation
  4. Stretch receptors: mark when they are full
  5. Highly vascularized
  6. Made up of epithelial cells
18
Q

3 things that make lungs efficient with gas exchange

A
  1. Huge surface area
  2. Only 2 cell layers separate air in lungs from blood
  3. Moist
19
Q

Four processes that make up respiratory system

A
  • breathing
  • external respiration
  • internal respiration
  • cellular respiration
20
Q

Breathing

A

Inspiration: brings oxygen into the lungs
Expiration: expels carbon dioxide

21
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood and lungs

22
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gasses between blood and body tissues

23
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Production of ATP energy within the cells

24
Q

Pleural membranes

A

2 sets of membranes: one joined to lung, one joined to the ribs and diaphragm, separated by slight amount of fluid. Have interpleural pressure

25
Q

Primary stimuli for breathing

A

CO2 and H concentration, when they get too high the medulla oblongata is stimulated

26
Q

Nerve impulse during inhalation travels from where to where?

A

Medulla oblongata to the diaphragm and rib cage

27
Q

Do lungs have muscles?

A

No

28
Q

Why does air rush into the lungs?

A

To rebalance the low pressure in the lungs

29
Q

Why does exhalation occur

A

When the lungs are full stretch receptors in the alveoli are stimulated and the medulla oblongata is notified. Then the diaphragm and muscles relax.

30
Q

During exhalation the lung pressure…

A

The lung pressure increases and forces the air outwards

31
Q

Receptors in the human body

A

Carotid bodies- carotid artery

Aortic bodies- in the aorta

32
Q

9% of….

A

Carbon dioxide

33
Q

27%…

A

Carbon dioxide attaches to hemoglobin to form carboaminohemoglobin

34
Q

64% of carbon…

A

Combines with water and forms bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions

35
Q

When hydrogen combines with hemoglobin….

A

Hemoglobin releases some of the oxygen attached to it

36
Q

External Respiration

A

Oxygen diffusés into blood and joins with reduced hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin and hydrogen ions, H picked up by bicarbonate to temporarily form carbonic acid which breaks down quickly to produce CO2 and H2O, dissolved CO2 diffusés into lung alveoli, carbaminohemoglobin breaks down to CO2 and hemoglobin

37
Q

H does not accumulate because…

A

As soon as it is released from HHb, which combines with HCO3 to release carbon dioxide.

38
Q

Internal respiration in the capillary bed

A

Hb + H —

39
Q

External respiration in the alveoli of the lungs

A

HHb —

Biology 12 (11 decks)

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