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Biology 12 > Lesson Eight > Flashcards

Lesson Eight Flashcards

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1
Q

Digestion

A

Includes both physical and chemical processes that reduce food to small soluble molecules that can be absorbed

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2
Q

Certain substances that can be absorbed

A
  • amino acids of proteins
  • sugars of carbohydrates
  • glycerol and fatty acids of fats
  • some minerals and water
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3
Q

Oral cavity

A

Storage place for food while it’s being chewed, where saliva mixes with food

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4
Q

Salivary glands

A

Produce saliva for moistening and chemically digesting food. Saliva contains the enzyme salivary amylase which begins the chemical digestion of starch to maltose

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5
Q

Pharynx

A

Where oral and nasal cavities join, this is where swallowing occurs

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6
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of tissue, which closes off the trachea, keeping food from entering the air passage

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7
Q

Esophagus

A

Tube leading from pharynx to stomach.

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8
Q

Swallowing

A

Reflex action normally performed automatically. Food enters esophagus because air passages are blocked. The opening to the nose is covered by the soft palate. No breathing occurs or choking may occur

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9
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmical contraction of the esophageal wall pushing food along. Also occurs along the intestinal tract. Smooth muscle cause contraction.

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10
Q

Cardiac (esophageal) sphincter

A

Band of muscle that closes off top part of stomach

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11
Q

Stomach

A

Stores and churns food to chemically and physically digest it. Chemical digestion of proteins begins here

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12
Q

Gastrin

A

Hormone produced by lower part of the stomach which enters blood stream to later stimulate gastric glands to produce pepsinogen and HCl. They react together and produces pepsin. Pepsin digests proteins to peptides

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13
Q

How does the gut protect itself from HCl and what is it called if it does fail itself?

A

It produces a mucous layer. If a portion of the gut is burned it is an ulcer.

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14
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Band of muscle which closes off the lower part of the stomach and only allows small amounts of chyme to enter the small intestine

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15
Q

Duodenum

A

First 10 inches of small intestine. Enzymes from both the pancreas and the small intestine digest all 3 food groups here. Bile also is secreted in the small intestine to emulsify fat

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16
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces enzymes and sodium bicarbonate (bicarbonate neutralized the acidic chyme to bring it to a pH if 8.5)

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17
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores bile which is secreted into small intestine

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18
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile to emulsify fats which is then stored in the gall bladder

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19
Q

Small intestine

A

Final digestion and absorption of nutrients through the villi

20
Q

The duodenal wall produces….

A

Secretin and CCK (cholocytokinin) in response to the prescience or acidic chyme

21
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Stimulates the releases of pancreatic juices from the pancreas. Also stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder

22
Q

Small intestine is how long?

A

7m- first 10” are the duodenum

23
Q

Duodenum has what secreted into it?

A

Sodium bicarbonate
Pancreatic amylase
Trypsin
Lupase

24
Q

Small intestine enzymes

A

Peptidase

Maltose

25
Q

Main function of the small intestine

A

Absorption of nutrient molecules (AA, glucose, fatty acids, and glycerol). Other disaccharides are digested in small intestine by their own enzymes (lactase aids in lactose digestion)

26
Q

What makes the small intestine good for absorption?

A

Convoluted walls, and has vili (which have microvili)

27
Q

Within each villus are

A

Blood vessels, and small lymph vessels called a lacteal which absorbs fluids and returns it to the veins later on.

28
Q

Absorption occurs across the walls of each Villus by….

A

Active transport: glucose and amino acids enter the blood vessels and travel to the liver. Glycerol and fatty acids enter the lacteals

29
Q

Appendix

A

Found at junction of small intestine and large intestine. Unknown function.

30
Q

Large intestine

A

Absorption of water from undigested food, contains e.coli. E.coli produce some essential substances for the body. E.coli helps metabolize what we cannot.

31
Q

Rectum

A

Enlarged portion of colon where undigested food it stored temporarily

32
Q

Anal sphincter (anus)

A

Bands of muscle which allow undigested wastes to exit the body

33
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Made in Salivary glands, acts in mouth, 7, acts upon starch to produce maltose

34
Q

Pepsin

A

Made in stomach, acts in stomach, 3.5, acts upon proteins to produce peptides

35
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Made in pancreas, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon starch produces maltose

36
Q

Trypsin

A

Made in pancreas, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon proteins, produces peptides

37
Q

Lipase

A

Produces in pancreas, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon fat droplets, produces glycerol and fatty acids

38
Q

Nuclease

A

Produced in pancreas and small intestine, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon nucleic acids (DNA RNA) to produce nucleotides

39
Q

Peptidases

A

Produced in small intestine, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon peptides, produces amino acids

40
Q

Maltase

A

Produced in small intestine, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon maltose, to produce glucose

41
Q

Nucleosidases

A

Produced in small intestine, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon nucleotides, produces base, sugar, phosphate

42
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone, produced by pancreas, secreted when high blood sugar, causes liver and muscles to take up and store excess glucose as glycogen. Promotes synthesis of proteins and fats, LOWERS BLOOD SUGAR

43
Q

Glucagon

A

Pancreatic hormone, secreted when blood sugar low, causes liver and muscles to break down glycogen to glucose, stops protein and fat synthesis, raises blood sugar level

44
Q

Exocrine

A

Produces some enzyme substances

45
Q

Endocrine

A

Produces hormone

46
Q

Functions of liver

A
  • destroys old RBC concerts hemoglobin to product in bile
  • produces bile that is stored in gall bladder
  • stores glucose as glycogen after eating and breaks down glycogen to glucose between eating to remain glucose concentration.
  • produced urea(from breakdown of AA)
  • Makes blood proteins from AA
  • detoxifies the blood by removing poisonous substances and metabolizing them

Biology 12 (11 decks)

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