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College Geology > Lesson 9 > Flashcards

Lesson 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What describes the continuous interchange of water among the oceans, atmosphere, and continents?

A

hydrologic cycle

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2
Q

What illustrates the circulation of Earth’s water supply?

A

hydrologic cycle

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3
Q

What is a global system in which the atmosphere provides the link between the oceans and continents?

A

hydrologic cycle

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4
Q

What powers the hydrologic cycle?

A

the sun

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5
Q

What is the movement of water into rocks or soil through cracks and pore spaces?

A

infiltration

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6
Q

When water flows over the land, rather than infiltrating into the ground?

A

runoff

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7
Q

What is the release of water vapor to the atmosphere by plants?

A

transpiration

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8
Q

The processes involved in the water cycle include

A 
precipitation
evaporation
infiltration
runoff
transpiration
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9
Q

What is water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail?

A

precipitation

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10
Q

What is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase?

A

evaporation

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11
Q

Is the hydrologic cycle balanced?

A

yes

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12
Q

What are the factors that determine a stream’s velocity?

A

gradient
channel characteristics
streams discharge

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13
Q

What factors increase downstream?

A

width
depth
discharge
velocity

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14
Q

What is the amount of water passing a given point per unit of time, frequently measured in cubic feet per second?

A

streams discharge

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15
Q

What is the slope of the stream channel?

A

gradient

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16
Q

What are the channel characteristics?

A

shape
size
roughness of channel

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17
Q

What factors decrease downstream?

A

gradient

roughness of a stream

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18
Q

What does the profile of a stream look like?a smooth curve?

A

a smooth curve

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19
Q

What are the factors that increase downstream?

A

Velocity
Discharge
Channel size

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20
Q

What are the factors that decrease downstream?

A

Gradient, or slope

Channel roughness

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21
Q

What are the two profiles of streams?

A

Cross-sectional view

From head to mouth

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22
Q

What is the head of the stream known as?

A

the source

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23
Q

Gradient (increases/decreases) from the head to the mouth.

A

decreases

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24
Q

What are the two general types of base level?

A

ultimate

temporary or local

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25
Q

What is the lowest point a stream can erode to called?

A

base level

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26
Q

Any change in base level will cause a stream to ____ and establish a new ______.

A

adjust

balance

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27
Q

Lowering base level will cause a stream to ______.

Raising base level results in ______ of material in the channel.

A

downcut

deposition

28
Q

What can occur from the work of a stream?

A

erosion
transportation
deposition

29
Q

What is a streams erosion?

A

the incorporation of material

30
Q

What are examples of a streams transportation?

A

dissolved load
suspended load
bed load

31
Q

What are the types of load?

A

dissolved load
suspended load
bed load

32
Q

Load is related to a stream’s?

A

Competence

Capacity

33
Q

What is a steam’s competence?

What is it determined by?

A

Maximum particle size

Velocity

34
Q

What is a streams capacity?

What is it related to?

A

Maximum load

discharge

35
Q

What are stream sediments called alluvium?

A

Well-sorted deposits

36
Q

What is deposition caused by?

A

decrease in velocity

37
Q

When velocity decreases, what happens to competence and sediment?

A

competence is reduce

sediment drops out

38
Q

What are stream sediments called?

A

alluvium

39
Q

What are the features produced by deposition?

A

deltas

natural levees

40
Q

Were do distributaries of deltas often form?

A

in the channel

41
Q

Where do deltas exists?

A

oceans

lakes

42
Q

Where do natural levees form?

A

parallel to the stream channel

43
Q

What might the area behind the levees contain?

A

Back swamps

Yazoo tributaries

44
Q

What are valley sides shaped by?

A

Weathering
Overland flow
Mass wasting

45
Q

What are the two general types of stream valleys?

A

narrow

wide

46
Q

What type of stream valley has a flat floor?

A

wide valleys

47
Q

What shape are narrow valleys?

A

v-shaped

48
Q

Which type of stream valley has more dominant down-cutting or erosion toward the bottom of the floor?

A

narrow valleys

49
Q

What are two types of features at narrow valleys?

A

rapids

waterfalls

50
Q

Wide valley streams have their stream near _____ level

making the stream energy directed from ______

A

base

side to side

51
Q

What is the flat floor from erosion in wide valley called?

A

floodplains

52
Q

Which stream valley has its energy is directed from side to side?

A

wide valley

53
Q

What are some features of floodplains?

A

Meanders
Cutoffs
Oxbow lakes

54
Q

What does widespread meandering cause?

A

cutoffs

oxbow lakes

55
Q

What is the name of movement of a stream in sweeping bends?

A

meanders

56
Q

What is the nae of shorter channel segments?

A

cutoffs

57
Q

What is the name of abandoned bends?

A

oxbow lakes

58
Q

What is the most common geologic hazard?

A

floods

59
Q

What are the causes of floods?

A

weather

human interference with the stream system

60
Q

Many scientists and engineers advocate a nonstructural approach to flood control that involves more appropriate _____.

A

land use

61
Q

What are some examples of floods caused by weather?

A

heavy rains and/or snowmelt

62
Q

What are some engineering efforts to provide flood control?

A

Artificial levees
Flood-control dams
Channelization

63
Q

What are the types of drainage patterns?

A

Dendritic
Radial
Rectangular
Trellis

64
Q

What is the land area that contributes water to a stream called?

A

drainage basin

65
Q

What is the imaginary line separating the drainage basin called?

A

divide

66
Q

What are drainage basins separated by?

A

an imaginary line

College Geology (14 decks)

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