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College Geology > Lesson 10 > Flashcards

Lesson 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is water beneath the surface ?

A

groundwater

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2
Q

What is the largest freshwater reservoir for humans?

A

groundwater

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3
Q

What does the geological role of erosion with dissolving by groundwater produce?

A

sinkholes/caves

caverns

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4
Q

What is a geological role of groundwater besides erosion?

A

equalizer of streamflow

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5
Q

What are the order of the zones?

A

belt of moisture
aeration
water table
saturation

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6
Q

What is the upper limit of the zone of saturation?

A

water table

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7
Q

Zone that contains plant roots and water available for plant growth?

A

belt of moisture

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8
Q

Zone that is unsaturated and have pore spaces filled mainly with air?

A

Zone of aeration

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9
Q

Zone where all pore spaces in the material are filled with water?

A

Zone of saturation

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10
Q

What type of water is filling the pores in the zone of saturation?

A

groundwater

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11
Q

What is the ability to transmit water through connected pore spaces?

A

permeability

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12
Q

What does permeability control?

A

movement of groundwater

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13
Q

What is the percentage of pore spaces or volume of open spaces?

A

Porosity

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14
Q

What does porosity determine?

A

how much groundwater can be stored

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15
Q

What is an impermeable layer of material called?

A

Aquitard

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16
Q

What is a permeable layer of material called?

A

Aquifer

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17
Q

Example of an aquitard?

A

clay

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18
Q

Example of an aquifer?

A

sand

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19
Q

What are some features associated with groundwater?

A

springs
wells
artesian wells

20
Q

Whenever the water table intersects the land surface and a natural flow of groundwater results?

A

spring

21
Q

What is an intermittent hot springs called?

A

Geysers

22
Q

Name the two types of springs?

A

hot springs

geysers

23
Q

How are hot springs heated?

A

The cooling of igneous rock

24
Q

What degrees is a hot spring?

A

6-9 degrees C warmer than mean air temp

25
Q

Wells withdraw groundwater and create roughly conical depressions in the water table known as ________

A

cones of depression

26
Q

What happens with the water at a geyser?

A

it turns to steam and erupts

27
Q

What can pumping wells cause?

A

a drawdown (lowering) of the watertable

28
Q

What are openings bored into the zone of saturation called?

A

Wells

29
Q

What can pumping wells form? Where?

A

a cone of depression in the water table

30
Q

What are the types of artisan wells?

A

nonflowing

flowing

31
Q

What occurs when water rises above the level at which it was initially encountered?

A

Artesian wells

32
Q

What is the source of heat for most hot springs and geysers?

A

hot igneous rock

33
Q

What are some of the current environmental problems involving groundwater?

A

Overuse by intense irrigation (treating it as nonrenewable)
Land subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal
Contamination

34
Q

Groundwater is not mildly acidic? T or F.

A

false

35
Q

What weak acid does groundwater contain?

A

weak carbonic acid

36
Q

What can groundwater dissolve?

A

calcite in limestone

37
Q

Most caverns form in ______ at or below the water table when acidic groundwater dissolves rock along lines of weakness, such as _______.

A

limestone

joints and bedding planes

38
Q

How are caverns formed?

A

dissolving rock beneath Earth’s surface

39
Q

Where are caverns formed?

A

zone of saturation

40
Q

Where are the features of caverns found?

A

zone of aeration

41
Q

What are common features of a dripstone?

A

Stalactites hanging from the ceiling and on the cave floor

42
Q

When calcite deposited as dripping water evaporates?

A

dripstone

43
Q

What is formed by dissolving rock at, or near, Earth’s surface?

A

Karst topography

44
Q

What are common features of Karst topography?

A

sinkholes

caves and caverns

45
Q

Does Karst topography have good surface drainage?

A

no

46
Q

What is a surface depressions called?

A

sinkhole

47
Q

What are two ways a sinkhole can form?

A

Dissolving bedrock

Cavern collapse

College Geology (14 decks)

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