Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the building blocks of rocks?
minerals
Name the five things that define a mineral.
- Naturally occurring
- Inorganic
- Possesses an orderly internal structure of atoms
- Have definite chemical composition
- Solid
What makes a mineraloid instead of a mineral?
lack of an orderly internal structure
What is an aggregate?
mixture
What is an aggregate of minerals?
rocks
What are the building blocks of minerals?
elements
How many elements are known?
Over 100
What is an atom?
Smallest particles of matter
What are atoms characteristics?
All those of elements
How are atoms constructed ?
Nucleus containing protons and neutrons
What has positive electrical charges ?
Proton
What has neutral electrical charges ?
Neutrons
What surrounds the nucleus?
Energy levels or shells
What do energy levels or shells contain?
Electrons
What are negative electrical charges ?
Electrons
What is the atomic number ?
The number of protons in an atoms nucleus
What determines the name of the element ?
Atomic number / protons in nucleus
What are ions?
Atoms that gain or lose electrons
How are compounds formed?
Bonding of atoms
What are isotopes?
Same # of protons
Different # of neutrons
Do isotopes have different mass numbers?
Yes
Define a mass number ?
Sum of the neutrons plus protons
Many _______ are _________ and emit energy and particles
Isotopes
Radioactive
What is radioactive decay?
When isotopes are unstable and disintegrate naturally
What are the properties of minerals ? (8)
- Crystal form
- Luster
- Color
- Streak
- Hardness
- Cleavage
- Fracture
- Specific gravity
What do you use to find the hardness of a mineral?
Mohs hardness scale
step process of finding hardness of a mineral
- Scratch will nail
- scratched mineral=<2.5 - Scratch glass
- glass scratched >5.5
- glass not scratched 2.5
What a mineral shape looks like when crystal is formed.
Crystal form
The way light reflects off the mineral
Luster
What are the two types of luster we use
Metallic
Nonmetallic
What is the least reliable property
Color
Color of powdered form of the mineral
Streak
Whats used to look at a minerals powdered form
Streak plate
What is the minerals resistance to being scratched ?
Hardness
What is the number of flat surfaces a mineral breaks into ?
Cleavage
Two minerals may be the same size, but their weight may be very different. They have _______
Different specific gravitéis
What determines how heavy it is by its relative weight to water.
Specific gravity
Name some other properties of minerals…(8)
Taste Smell Elasticity Malleability Feel Magnetism Double refraction Reaction to hydrochloric acid
Easily bent without breaking and then staying bent
Elasticity
Easily hammered into thin sheets
Malleability
Property useful in minerals found as flakes
Elasticity
Property describing a mineral as greasy or soapy
Feel
Magnetic properties
Magnetism
Light is split into two days
Double refraction
A mineral breaks along a cleavage and is commonly curved
Fracture
What are the eight minerals that compose rock forming minerals ?
Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Iron Calcium Sodium Potassium Magnesium
What ar the most abundant atoms in earths crust? Percents by weight?
Oxygen 46.6%
Silicon 27.7%
What is the most common mineral group?
Silicates
What is the fundamental building block of silicates?
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Describe the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron shape?
4 oxygens atoms surrounding 1 much smaller silicon atom
What are the four groups of tetrahedron arrangements?
Olivine
Pyroxene group
Amphibole group
Micas
Tetrahedrons are arranged in sheets?
Micas
Tetrahedrons are arranged in double chains?
Amphibole group
Tetrahedrons are arranged in chains?
Pyroxene group
Tetrahedrons is a Independent tetrahedron?
Olivine
What arrangement of tetrahedron has two types?
Micas
What are the two types of micas?
Biotite
Muscovite
Describe Biotite.
Dark
Describe Muscovite.
Light
What does the structure and chemical composition of the silicates tell us about the mineral ?
Conditions under which it was formed
What are three dimensional network of tetrahedron?
Feldspars
What are the two types of feldspars?
Orthoclase
Plagioclase
What color is Orthoclase feldspar?
Red to orange
What color is Plagioclase feldspar?
White to black
Three fomento al network of tetrahedron?
Quartz
What is the most plentiful mineral group?
Feldspars
How are feldspars/ quarts crystallized?
Crystallized from molten material
What are the major groups of the nonsilicate minerals? (6)
Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonated “Native” elements
Out of the nonsilicates, what is a major rock forming group?
Carbonates
Where are carbonated found?
Rocks
Limestone
Marble
Where two minerals are found in sedimentary rocks?
Halite
Gypsum
What are reserves?
Already identified deposits?
What are useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit ?
Ores
What may change and influence a resource ?
Economic factors