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College Geology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the building blocks of rocks?

A

minerals

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2
Q

Name the five things that define a mineral.

A
  1. Naturally occurring
  2. Inorganic
  3. Possesses an orderly internal structure of atoms
  4. Have definite chemical composition
  5. Solid
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3
Q

What makes a mineraloid instead of a mineral?

A

lack of an orderly internal structure

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4
Q

What is an aggregate?

A

mixture

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5
Q

What is an aggregate of minerals?

A

rocks

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6
Q

What are the building blocks of minerals?

A

elements

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7
Q

How many elements are known?

A

Over 100

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8
Q

What is an atom?

A

Smallest particles of matter

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9
Q

What are atoms characteristics?

A

All those of elements

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10
Q

How are atoms constructed ?

A

Nucleus containing protons and neutrons

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11
Q

What has positive electrical charges ?

A

Proton

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12
Q

What has neutral electrical charges ?

A

Neutrons

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13
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

Energy levels or shells

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14
Q

What do energy levels or shells contain?

A

Electrons

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15
Q

What are negative electrical charges ?

A

Electrons

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16
Q

What is the atomic number ?

A

The number of protons in an atoms nucleus

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17
Q

What determines the name of the element ?

A

Atomic number / protons in nucleus

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18
Q

What are ions?

A

Atoms that gain or lose electrons

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19
Q

How are compounds formed?

A

Bonding of atoms

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20
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Same # of protons

Different # of neutrons

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21
Q

Do isotopes have different mass numbers?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Define a mass number ?

A

Sum of the neutrons plus protons

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23
Q

Many _______ are _________ and emit energy and particles

A

Isotopes

Radioactive

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24
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

When isotopes are unstable and disintegrate naturally

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25
Q

What are the properties of minerals ? (8)

A
  1. Crystal form
  2. Luster
  3. Color
  4. Streak
  5. Hardness
  6. Cleavage
  7. Fracture
  8. Specific gravity
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26
Q

What do you use to find the hardness of a mineral?

A

Mohs hardness scale

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27
Q

step process of finding hardness of a mineral

A
  1. Scratch will nail
    - scratched mineral=<2.5
  2. Scratch glass
    - glass scratched >5.5
    - glass not scratched 2.5
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28
Q

What a mineral shape looks like when crystal is formed.

A

Crystal form

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29
Q

The way light reflects off the mineral

A

Luster

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30
Q

What are the two types of luster we use

A

Metallic

Nonmetallic

31
Q

What is the least reliable property

A

Color

32
Q

Color of powdered form of the mineral

A

Streak

33
Q

Whats used to look at a minerals powdered form

A

Streak plate

34
Q

What is the minerals resistance to being scratched ?

A

Hardness

35
Q

What is the number of flat surfaces a mineral breaks into ?

A

Cleavage

36
Q

Two minerals may be the same size, but their weight may be very different. They have _______

A

Different specific gravitéis

37
Q

What determines how heavy it is by its relative weight to water.

A

Specific gravity

38
Q

Name some other properties of minerals…(8)

A 
Taste
Smell
Elasticity
Malleability
Feel
Magnetism
Double refraction
Reaction to hydrochloric acid
39
Q

Easily bent without breaking and then staying bent

A

Elasticity

40
Q

Easily hammered into thin sheets

A

Malleability

41
Q

Property useful in minerals found as flakes

A

Elasticity

42
Q

Property describing a mineral as greasy or soapy

A

Feel

43
Q

Magnetic properties

A

Magnetism

44
Q

Light is split into two days

A

Double refraction

45
Q

A mineral breaks along a cleavage and is commonly curved

A

Fracture

46
Q

What are the eight minerals that compose rock forming minerals ?

A 
Oxygen
Silicon
Aluminum
Iron
Calcium 
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
47
Q

What ar the most abundant atoms in earths crust? Percents by weight?

A

Oxygen 46.6%

Silicon 27.7%

48
Q

What is the most common mineral group?

A

Silicates

49
Q

What is the fundamental building block of silicates?

A

Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

50
Q

Describe the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron shape?

A

4 oxygens atoms surrounding 1 much smaller silicon atom

51
Q

What are the four groups of tetrahedron arrangements?

A

Olivine
Pyroxene group
Amphibole group
Micas

52
Q

Tetrahedrons are arranged in sheets?

A

Micas

53
Q

Tetrahedrons are arranged in double chains?

A

Amphibole group

54
Q

Tetrahedrons are arranged in chains?

A

Pyroxene group

55
Q

Tetrahedrons is a Independent tetrahedron?

A

Olivine

56
Q

What arrangement of tetrahedron has two types?

A

Micas

57
Q

What are the two types of micas?

A

Biotite

Muscovite

58
Q

Describe Biotite.

A

Dark

59
Q

Describe Muscovite.

A

Light

60
Q

What does the structure and chemical composition of the silicates tell us about the mineral ?

A

Conditions under which it was formed

61
Q

What are three dimensional network of tetrahedron?

A

Feldspars

62
Q

What are the two types of feldspars?

A

Orthoclase

Plagioclase

63
Q

What color is Orthoclase feldspar?

A

Red to orange

64
Q

What color is Plagioclase feldspar?

A

White to black

65
Q

Three fomento al network of tetrahedron?

A

Quartz

66
Q

What is the most plentiful mineral group?

A

Feldspars

67
Q

How are feldspars/ quarts crystallized?

A

Crystallized from molten material

68
Q

What are the major groups of the nonsilicate minerals? (6)

A 
Oxides
Sulfides
Sulfates
Halides
Carbonated
“Native” elements
69
Q

Out of the nonsilicates, what is a major rock forming group?

A

Carbonates

70
Q

Where are carbonated found?

A

Rocks
Limestone
Marble

71
Q

Where two minerals are found in sedimentary rocks?

A

Halite

Gypsum

72
Q

What are reserves?

A

Already identified deposits?

73
Q

What are useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit ?

A

Ores

74
Q

What may change and influence a resource ?

A

Economic factors

College Geology (14 decks)

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