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College Geology > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is magma?

A

Molten rock

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2
Q

What shows the Interrelationships between the three rock type?

A

Rock cycle

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3
Q

What does igneous rock come from? What is the process?

A

Magma

Crystalization

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4
Q

What process hardens and solidifies magma?

A

Crystallization

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5
Q

The breaking down of existing rock?

A

Weathering

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6
Q

Two types of weathering and examples?

A

Physical- (freeze + thaw cycle)

Chemical- (slightly acidic rain dissolved minerals on the rock)

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7
Q

What is erosion called ?

A

Transportation

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8
Q

What are the 4 agents of erosion?

A

Water
Wind
Gravity
Ice

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9
Q

Small existence of preexisting rock?

A

Sediment

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10
Q

Process necessary to turn sediment into sedimentary rock?

A

Lithification

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11
Q

The changing of a rock into another rock ?

A

Metamorphism

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12
Q

Metamorphic rock forms from rock that has been under great ______+________.

A

Pressure and heat

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13
Q

How to get from magma to igneous rock?

A

Crystallization

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14
Q

How to get from igneous rock to sediment?

A

Weathering
Transportation
Deposition

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15
Q

What is dumping eroded igneous rock ?

A

Deposition

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16
Q

How to get from sediment to sedimentary rock?

A

Lithification

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17
Q

How to get from sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock?

A

Metamorphism

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18
Q

How to get from metamorphic rock to magma?

A

Melting

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19
Q

What determines if the full cycle does not occur?

A

Depends on the environment

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20
Q

Examples of shortcuts of the rock cycle?

A
  1. Sedimentary rock melting
  2. Igneous rock is metamorphosed
  3. Sedimentary rock is weathered
  4. Metamorphic rock is weathered
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21
Q

How does igneous rock form?

A

magma cools and crystallizes

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22
Q

rocks that form inside earth

A

plutonic or intrusive

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23
Q

rocks that form on the surface

A

volcanic or extrusive

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24
Q

rocks formed on the surface are formed from what

A

lava

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25
Q

what is lava

A

magma but without gas

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26
Q

What determines the crystal size?

A

the rate of cooling

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27
Q

Slow rate forms what size crystals?

A

large

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28
Q

Fast rate forms what size crystals?

A

microscopic

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29
Q

Very fast rate forms what size crystals?

A

forms glass

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30
Q

What is a rocks classification based on?

A

texture and mineral constituents

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31
Q

What Causes the texture of rocks?

A

size and arrangement of crystals

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32
Q

what are the 4 types of textures of rocks?

A

fine grained
coarse grained
porphyritic
glassy

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33
Q

Texture from fast rate of cooling?

A

fine-grained

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34
Q

Texture from slow rate of cooling?

A

coarse-grained

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35
Q

Texture from two rates of cooling?

A

porphyritic

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36
Q

Texture from very fast rate of cooling?

37
Q

What is mineral composition influenced by?

A

crystal settling in the magma

38
Q

what shows the mineral crystallization (mineral composition)?

A

bowen’s reaction series

39
Q

What is the chemical composition of light colored rocks?

A

Felsic (granitic)

40
Q

What is the chemical composition of medium colored rocks?

A

Intermediate (andesitic)

41
Q

What is the chemical composition of dark colored rocks?

A

Mafic (basaltic)

42
Q

What are the light colored igneous rocks?

A

Granite

Rhyolite

43
Q

What are the medium colored igneous rocks?

A

Diorite

Andesite

44
Q

What are the dark colored igneous rocks?

A

Gabbro

Basalt

45
Q

What are the coarse-grained igneous rocks?

A

Granite-Diorite-Gabbro

46
Q

What are the fine grained igneous rocks?

A

Rhyolite-Andesite-Basalt

47
Q

What is the glassy igneous rocks?

A

obsidian

pumice

48
Q

What kind of glass is obsidian?

A

compact and looks dark

49
Q

What kind of glass is pumice?

A

frothy and looks light

50
Q

What is the name of the other compositional group other than Granitic, basaltic, and andesitic?

A

ultramafic

51
Q

What type is composed of light colored silicates?

52
Q

what is composed of dark colored silicate and calcium rich?

53
Q

How much of granitic rock is made of silica

A

70 percent

54
Q

What are the dominant minerals in light colored rocks?

A

Quartz

Potassium feldspar

55
Q

What are the dominant minerals in medium colored rocks?

A

Amphibole

Plagioclase feldspar

56
Q

What are the dominant minerals in dark colored rocks?

A

Olivine/Pyroxene

plagioclase feldspar

57
Q

What two things are used to classify igneous intrusive bodies?

A

shape and orientation with respect to the host rock (sedimentary)

58
Q

What are the two general shapes of igneous intrusive rocks?

A

tabular (sheetlike)

massive

59
Q

Intrusive igneous bodies that cut across existing sedimentary beds?

A

discordant

60
Q

Intrusive igneous bodies that form parallel to existing sedimentary beds?

A

concordant

61
Q

What are tabular, discordant igneous bodies produced when magma is injected into fractures that cut across rock layers.

62
Q

Tabular, concordant bodies that form when magma is injected along the bedding surfaces of sedimentary rocks.

63
Q

In many respects sills closely resemble ______?

A

buried lava flows

64
Q

______are similar to sills but form from less-fluid magma that collects as a lens-shaped mass that arches the overlying strata upward

A

Laccoliths

65
Q

The largest intrusive igneous bodies with surface exposures of more than 100 square kilometers (40 square miles), frequently compose the cores of mountains.

A

Batholiths

66
Q

Magma originates from essentially ____ rock of the crust and mantle that ____

A

solid

melts

67
Q

In addition to a rock’s composition, its temperature, depth (confining pressure), and water content determine whether it_______.

A

exists as a solid or liquid.

68
Q

To generate magma from solid, heat can melt it. Temperature ______ as one gets closer to the core

69
Q

Temperature increasing with depth of the Earths surface is called ____

A

geothermal gradient

70
Q

Besides getting deeper into earth, how is heat generated?

A

friction in subduction zones
crustal rocks heated during subduction
rising, hot mantle rocks

71
Q

Increase in confining pressure causes an ____ in melting temperature.
Drop in confining pressure causes _______melting

A

increase

decompression

72
Q

What does decompression melting do? When does it occur?

A

lowers melting temp

occurs when rock ascends

73
Q

Volatiles, primarily water, play a role in _______

A

subducting ocean plates

74
Q

Further, the introduction of volatiles (water) can ____ a rock’s melting point sufficiently to generate magma.

75
Q

Partial melting produces a melt made of the lowest-melting-temperature minerals, which are higher in _____ than the original rock.

76
Q

Magma’s generated by partial melting are nearer to the ______ end of the compositional spectrum than are the rocks from which they formed.

A

granitic (felsic)

77
Q

Global distribution of igneous activity

  1. Most volcanoes are located on the margins of the ______
  2. Second group is confined to the _______
  3. Third group includes those found in the _______
A

ocean basins
deep ocean basins
interiors of continents

78
Q

Say what composition of rock where each volcano is found

  1. ocean basins
  2. deep ocean basins
A

intermediate andesitic composition

basaltic lavas

79
Q

_____provide the mechanism by which mantle rocks melt to form magma

A

Plate motions

80
Q

Most active volcanoes are associated with _____

A

plate boundaries.

81
Q

Active areas of volcanism are found along mid-ocean ridges where seafloor spreading is occurring

A

divergent plate boundaries

82
Q

Volcanoes in the vicinity of ocean trenches where one plate is being subducted beneath another

A

convergent plate boundaries

83
Q

Volcanos found in the interiors of plates themselves

A

intraplate volcanism

84
Q

Rising plumes of hot mantle rock are the source of most _______ volcanism

A

intraplate

85
Q

Concentrations of desirable materials are produced by

what two processes?

A

Igneous processes

Metamorphic processes

86
Q

Most important ore deposits are generated from _______

A

hydrothermal (hot-water) solutions

87
Q

hydro thermal solutions contain _____ fluids and are associated with cooling ____bodies

A

metal-rich

magma

88
Q

two types of metallic mineral deposits…

a. _____in fractures or bedding planes
b. Disseminated deposits which are _______throughout the rock

A

vein

distributed

89
Q

What two materials are made to make use of the nonmetallic mineral resources

A

building materials

industrial materials

College Geology (14 decks)

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