LESSON 9

Question 1

What is a ligament?

Answer 1

A strong, fibrous tissue that connects one bone to another.

Question 2

Define hemopoiesis.

Answer 2

The formation of blood cells.

Question 3

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 3

A disorder, primarily affecting postmenopausal women, in which bone mineral density decreases and susceptibility to fractures increases.

Question 4

Explain Wolff’s Law.

Answer 4

A principle stating that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed.

Question 5

What is fascia?

Answer 5

Strong connective tissue that performs a number of functions, including enveloping and separating muscles and muscle groups.

Question 6

What is a prime mover?

Answer 6

A muscle responsible for a specific movement. Also called agonist.

Question 7

Define anatomical position.

Answer 7

Standing erect with the arms hanging by the side and the head, eyes, feet, and palms facing forward.

Question 8

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Answer 8

The bones of the head, neck, and trunk.

Question 9

Define the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

Answer 9

The parts of the nervous system that are outside the brain and spinal cord.

Question 10

What is the vestibular system?

Answer 10

Part of the central nervous system that coordinates balance and equilibrium.

Question 11

List some benefits of muscular training.

Answer 11

Increased physical capacity, enhanced metabolic function, reduced injury risk, and disease prevention.

Question 12

Describe Wolff’s Law in detail.

Answer 12

Wolff’s Law indicates that changes in bone structure coincide with changes in bone function.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: The most common type of joint in the body is the ________ joint, which is freely moveable.

Answer 13

synovial

Question 14

List and describe the planes of motion.

Answer 14

• Sagittal: Divides the body into right and left halves.
• Transverse: Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) halves.
• Frontal: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves.

Question 15

The four angular movements defined for synovial joints are __________________, __________________, __________________, and __________________.

Answer 15

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction

Question 16

Discuss the differences between the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Answer 16

The sympathetic nervous system is activated during stress or emergencies, enabling the body to mobilize resources. The parasympathetic nervous system controls normal functions during relaxation.

Question 17

List the primary function(s) of the Anterior Tibialis.

Answer 17

Dorsiflexion at ankle, inversion at foot.

Question 18

What is the primary function of the Gastrocnemius?

Answer 18

Plantar flexion at ankle; eversion at foot.

Question 19

What is the primary function of the Rectus Femoris?

Answer 19

Extension (most effective when hip is extended).

Question 20

What is the primary function of the Biceps Femoris?

Answer 20

Flexion and external rotation.

Question 21

What are the two general categories of skeletal muscle fibers based on contraction speed?

Answer 21

Fast-twitch muscle fibers (type II) and slow-twitch muscle fibers (type I)

Fast-twitch fibers are associated with anaerobic metabolism, while slow-twitch fibers are primarily aerobic.

Question 22

What characteristics do slow-twitch muscle fibers possess?

Answer 22

Relatively large amounts of mitochondria, more capillaries, higher concentrations of myoglobin

These features contribute to their resistance to fatigue and capability for sustained aerobic metabolism.

Question 23

How do slow-twitch fibers compare to fast-twitch fibers in terms of contraction speed?

Answer 23

Slow-twitch fibers contract more slowly than fast-twitch fibers

This slower contraction results in lower force outputs.

Question 24

What makes slow-twitch fibers more efficient than fast-twitch fibers?

Answer 24

Higher concentration of myoglobin, large number of capillaries, high mitochondrial content

These factors enhance their endurance capabilities.

Question 25

What are the primary characteristics of fast-twitch muscle fibers?

Answer 25

Fewer mitochondria, fewer capillaries, less myoglobin ## Footnote Fast-twitch fibers are less resistant to fatigue and rely primarily on anaerobic metabolism.

Question 26

What are the three main functions of intramuscular fascia (deep fascia)?

Answer 26

1. Provide a framework for muscle alignment 2. Enable safe and effective force transmission 3. Provide lubricated surfaces for muscle shape change ## Footnote These functions are crucial for muscle performance and movement efficiency.

Question 27

What is the primary action of the gluteus maximus?

Answer 27

Extension and external rotation; superior fibers assist in abduction ## Footnote This muscle plays a significant role in movements like standing up and climbing.

Question 28

What are the main functions of the biceps femoris?

Answer 28

Extension, abduction, and slight external rotation of the hip ## Footnote It is part of the hamstring group in the posterior thigh.

Question 29

What is the function of the rectus abdominis?

Answer 29

Flexion and lateral flexion of the trunk ## Footnote This muscle is essential for core stability and movement.

Question 30

What actions does the erector spinae perform?

Answer 30

Extension (both sides) and lateral flexion of the spine ## Footnote It is key for maintaining an upright posture.

Question 31

What are the functions of the trapezius muscle?

Answer 31

Upper: upward rotation and elevation of scapula; Middle: upward rotation and adduction of scapula; Lower: depression of scapula ## Footnote This muscle is crucial for shoulder movement and stabilization.

Question 32

What are the actions of the rhomboid major and minor?

Answer 32

Adduction, downward rotation, and elevation of scapula ## Footnote These muscles help retract the scapulae towards the spine.

Question 33

What is the primary function of the pectoralis major?

Answer 33

Flexion, extension, adduction, internal rotation, and horizontal adduction of the shoulder ## Footnote This muscle is involved in many upper body movements.

Question 34

What action does the deltoid muscle perform?

Answer 34

Abduction of the shoulder; anterior fibers: flexion and internal rotation; posterior fibers: external rotation and horizontal abduction ## Footnote This muscle is essential for arm movement in various directions.

Question 35

What are the functions of the latissimus dorsi?

Answer 35

Extension, adduction, horizontal abduction, and internal rotation of the shoulder ## Footnote It is a significant muscle for pulling movements.

Question 36

What is the primary action of the biceps brachii?

Answer 36

Flexion at elbow; supination at forearm ## Footnote This muscle is commonly associated with arm curls.

Question 37

What is the function of the triceps brachii?

Answer 37

Extension at elbow; arm extension (long head) ## Footnote It is the primary muscle for straightening the arm.

Question 38

What is the primary action of the flexor carpi radialis?

Answer 38

Flexion of the wrist ## Footnote This muscle is important for wrist movements.