Lesson 9-10: Alternatives/Surgeries

Question 1

The three R’s, policy from William Russell and Rex Burch to minimize animal pain and use that still can achieve scientific objectives?

Answer 1

*Replacement
*Reduction
*Refinement

Question 2

Replacement?

Answer 2

Replacing the use of animals with non-animal alternatives, such as computer models, cell culture or tissue culture systems, vitro assays

Question 3

Reduction?

Answer 3

Reducing the number of animals used.

Question 4

When reducing animals, you have to find a balance between?

Answer 4

causing more plan with fewer animals or causing less pain in more animals.

Question 5

Usually if you need to induce more pain to use fewer animals, is this preferred than less pain but more animals?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

Refinement?

Answer 6

Changing experiments or procedures to reduce the potential for pain or distress in those animals that must be used.

Question 7

B. Taylor Bennett suggests another R: Responsibility. It is the?

Answer 7

natural development of collective efforts to practice these alternative techniques.

Question 8

Fifth Respect?

Answer 8

Ethical standard everyone working with animals should demonstrate.

Question 9

For protocols that include procedure failing in pain/distress categories D or E, what must be shown to the IACUC?

Answer 9

Documentation in the protocol that a search for less painful or distressful procedures has been conduced. Reduction and refinement must also have been addressed.

Question 10

What is the most common method for searching for alternatives?

Answer 10

A database search

Question 11

Does the IACUC want duplications of previous animal studies?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

Survival surgery?

Answer 12

The animal regains consciousness after anesthesia. Aseptic (sterile) technique must be used to prevent postoperative infections, no matter the vertebrate species. Hair/feathers must be clipped and skin disinfected.

Question 13

Non-survival surgery?

Answer 13

Survey in which the animal is euthanized while under anesthesia and does not regain consciousness. Sterile technique is not required. Surgeon should wear gloves, surgical site clipped, and instruments and work area cleaned.

Question 14

Major surgery?

Answer 14

Any type of penetration that exposes a body cavity, such as the chest or abdomen, or surgery that produces substantial physical or physiological impairment.

Question 15

Minor surgery?

Answer 15

Less invasive surgery that does not meet the criteria for major surgery above.

Question 16

Can you conduct multiple survival surgeries on one animal?

Answer 16

it is prohibited unless they can be justified scientifically by the investigator and approved by IACUC.

Question 17

Different anesthetic regimens for the project?

Answer 17

Pre-anesthesia/preemptive analgesia: A pre-anesthetic regimen may incorporate agents that will provide analgesia during the postoperative period. This method is known as preemptive analgesia, since it provides analgesia before a painful stimulus (i.e., the initial incision) is applied.

Anesthesia: The anesthetic regimen should provide a duration of anesthesia that matches the duration of the surgical procedure. For example, short-acting injectable drugs are not feasible for a prolonged surgery unless they are administered by continuous intravenous infusion.

Postoperative Analgesia: You should plan which postoperative analgesics will be used at the time when the anesthetic regimen is established. The Animal Welfare Regulations and PHS Policy stress the importance of using postoperative analgesics.

Question 18

Postoperative care for survival surgeries?

Answer 18

Care must be provided after survival surgeries. Animal should be monitored to make sure it is recovering properly.

Question 19

Written document of postoperative care is or isn’t essential?

Answer 19

It is

Question 20

A simple rule to follow writing down to authorities?

Answer 20

If it isn’t written down, it didn’t happen.

Question 21

When do postoperative period traditionally ends?

Answer 21

10-14 days after surgery, when skin sutures are often removed. Entires can also get discontinued.