lesson 8 sleep (paper prep 2) Flashcards
walker
-sleep deprivation leads to multiple neurological and psychiatric diseases (alzheimers, anxiety, depression, bipolar, cancer, diabetes, obesity)
-ways lack of sleep can kill:
1) concentration: car crash (2 sec microsleep)
2) baseline resettling: chronic sleep deprivation becomes accepted baseline and leads to constant sub optimal functioning
3) sleep deprivation can equal same amount of impairment as drunk driving
-power naps cant replace sleep
sleep deprivation=emotional irrationality (emotion centers too reactive without sleep due to unevenness neurologically between emotional gas pedal of amygdala and emotional brake of prefontal cortex)- too sad, suicide and too happy and hypersensitive to pleasure, drug addiction
-tired and forgetful students try to cram and pull all nighters (can learn it but too tired to recall)
-learning in chunks instead of all at once exam
-sleep quality deteriorates as we sleep and memory decline linked to alzheimers
humans on average sleep
8 hours, 1/3 of our life
first way we learned about sleep
recording electrical activity from sleeping brains
in addition to local firing neurons do
there are also waves of multiple neurons firing during activity cascades during sleep
beta waves
-low amplitude
-high cognitive engagement- talking to someone, paying attention (being aware)
alpha waves
-amplitude is higher than beta
-lower cognitive engagement
theta waves (stage 2 sleep)
-slighter higher amplitude than alpha
-drifting off, daydreaming
-elongation of the length of time between peaks of brainwave activity
delta waves
asleep (first electrical markers that someone is asleep, spindles and k complex)
how long does it take for deep stage of sleep
hour to 90 minutes
rem activity
Rapid eye movement sleep
characterized by eyes darting back and forth under eyelids while sleeping
what happens in sleep cycle for mammals
back and forth between awake, stage 1-4, and rem sleep
stages of sleep
awake, stage 1-4, rem sleep
what percent of sleep is rem for almost all mammals
25%
do birds rem sleep
yes but only for a couple minutes each night
do reptiles and amphibians sleep
not rem
behavioral sleep/rest
periods of quiescence needed by insects and fish
circadian rhythm
Circadian rhythms are physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. These natural processes respond primarily to light and dark and affect most living things, including animals, plants, and microbes
how do dolphins breathe
they need to breathe air so they sleep with half their brain active and sleeps on that side (right sleeps, left awake and vice versa)
slow wave sleep
information goes to thalamus (beta waves) and as you sleep, thalamus is passing on less and less information and activity in cortex goes down (which is why you cant hear when asleep)
gating/preventing information flow (non rem)
rem sleep in literature
not until 1950s (put electrodes on kids and discovered kids fall directly into rem sleep)
what happens during rem
pons initiates rem sleep by telling the thalamus to wake up and interact with some parts of the brain and not others (vision, motor activity, emotion) that causes dreams
-doesnt activate higher order reasoning or logical thought
-sends inhibitory signal to spinal cord so people experiencing rem cant move
if i woke you up during rem
you’d feel like you were dreaming
atonia
-not being able to move during rem
-can cut link by severing link between pons and spinal column
(develops over time)
loss of rem related atonia
animals had connection between spinal cord and pons cut, animal is asleep but is moving and engaging in sexual behavior, eating behavior, instinctual behaviors
sleepwalking
isnt rem related, dont dream
how does parkinson’s affect sleep
common loss of atonia (during rem move around a lot and acting out what’s in their head, tends to be very dangerous)
lucid dreaming
dreaming but have awareness that youre dreaming and can direct the dream
case of yh
member of israeli defense forces
-cognitively intact but does not dream since accident
-never enters rem but goes back and forth between stages 1-4
-shrapnel in palms led to lack of dreaming
-head injury damaged pons so wasn’t able to initiate rem
why do we dream? freud
-wrong: dreams as the guardian of sleep
-tension between wanting to do what you want vs human domestication was central challenge for humans as organized civilization
-psychic pain due to what your parents do causes us to put those things in our unconscious repository (they want to get out)
-dangerous or salacious thoughts only able to surpass consciousness shield in dream, where unconscious can insert thoughts in mind
-transforms into dreams where you can think of salacious or dangerous content without realizing it as such
-instead of sex think of train into tunnel, brain doesnt realize forbidden thoughts
why do we dream? hobson
right- activation synthesis model:
-no unconscious secret message
-whatever your brain needs to do in the moment is what you dream about
-brain adopts set of activations from thalamus
-other parts of brain synthesis combine info from motor, visual cortex, emotional areas and make a narrative event you experience
-relates to things going on in everyday life
latent content
what the unconscious is trying to convey (sex, murder)
manifest content
what we consciously think about (trains, tunnels, mountains)
why is freud wrong
forbidden content makes its way into dreams all the time without interrupting sleep
other mammals and birds experience rem and dream
fetuses also experience rem in utero (no housebreaking or psychic pain)
features of dreams
visual hallucination
motor behavior
emotional content
loss of self directed thought and self reflection
reduction in logical reasoning
poor memory after
higher order area
dorsolateral pfc
motor area
basal ganglia, motor cortex, cerebellum
emotional social areas
amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex
main differences in variation of sleep
age, not sex
why do we sleep
energy conservation during low production hours of the day
brain restoration when glial cells cant do everything by themselves, deep clean
memory consolidation with hippocampus creating stable patterns to form long term memories
what does sleep deprivation do
impairs cognitive performance
takes a very long time to get back to baseline- lingering effects and takes longer than a weekend to “catch up on sleep”
experiment for determining how sleep deprivation impairs cognitive activity
slowly decrease the amount of sleep 3 groups can have- 9 hrs, 5hr, 3 hrs, and see how sluggish or fast their detection and reaction is over the span of a week
experiment for determining how sleep enhances memory consolidation
two groups, one can sleep all they want and one cant
given words to remember when sleep deprived or good nights sleep
tested when well rested- difference is did they encounter info when asleep or awake (all nighters dont work, you wont be able to recall info)
sleep enhances procedural memory experiment
subject asked to type code (two kinds of people, some trained at morning and some trained at night and type faster when they wake up
sleep enhances creativity and insight
august kekule dreaming of snake eating tail and realized ring structure of chemical
stages of sleep
beta (alert and awake)
alpha
theta
delta
rem
