lesson 15 emotions and affect Flashcards

1
Q

affect

A

umbrella term for feelings

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2
Q

affective experiences

A

are valenced (good or bad)
are somatic (involve the body)
quick and automatic

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3
Q

two factor model of effect

A

arousal vs somatic circumflex model

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4
Q

what is affect

A

voluntary action, complex judgement, symbolic thought more dorsal

emotion, motivation, simple judgement more ventral

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5
Q

brain basis of fear

A

well poised for engaging in quick behaviors: typically information goes from thalamus to visual cortex but when startled it goes straight to amygdala (so amygdala gets raw, degraded form of stimuli and responds quickly with no processing, sometimes responds too quickly to something perceived as a threat when its not)

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6
Q

amygdala

A

communicates to rest of body to flight fight or freeze

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7
Q

affective experiences are designed to be

A

adaptive: certain things we want to eat or avoid due to natural selection (specific solutions to what natural selection found important)

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8
Q

arousal

A

mammals have two systems for affective experience (sympathetic and parasympathetic motor system) that makes you realize there’s something that requires attention, good or bad

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9
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic arousal

A

fight or flight
rest and digest

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10
Q

example of eliot, who had ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage

A

diminished sympathetic response, or have response but it doesnt get integrated with other brain parts so they tend to make bad decisions (understand that you feel weird because there’s something wrong with the environment around you, but cant place the feeling so it doesnt guide their future behavior and they make bad life choices like getting scammed)

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11
Q

ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage
moral judgement

A

making the utiliatarian judgement (like killing a crying baby so we survive while in hiding)

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12
Q

appraisal

A

stop and think of what this emotion is

determine arousal state (nervous or excited)

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13
Q

spidey sense

A

there’s a problem, i dont know it so i have to figure it out

Misattribute hunger as anger

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14
Q

schachter and singer model of emotion experiment

A

Physical processes in the body (such as activation of the sympathetic nervous system, for example), which researchers refer to as “physiological arousal.” These changes can include things like having your heart start beating faster, sweating, or trembling.

A cognitive process, appraisal, in which people try to interpret this physiological response by looking at their surrounding environment to see what could be causing them to feel this way.

In a famous 1962 study, Schachter and Singer investigated whether people would respond differently to a shot of adrenaline depending on the context they found themselves in.

In the study, participants (all of whom were male college students) were given either a shot of epinephrine (which they were told was merely a vitamin injection) or a placebo injection. Some of the participants who received the epinephrine shot were informed of its effects (e.g. shaking, pounding heart, feeling flushed), others were told they would have no side effects, and others were told incorrect information about its effects (e.g. that it would make them feel itchy or cause a headache). For participants who knew what to expect from the epinephrine, they had a straightforward explanation for any effects they felt from the drug. However, Schachter and Singer believed that participants who were uninformed of epinephrine’s effects (or who were told incorrect information) would look for something in their environment to explain why they were suddenly feeling different.

After receiving the injection, participants were put into one of two environments. In one version of the study (designed to induce feelings of euphoria), the participants interacted with a confederate (someone who appears to be a real participant, but is actually part of the research staff) who acted in a happy, joyful way. The confederate flew a paper airplane, crumpled up balls of paper to play a mock “basketball” game, made a slingshot out of rubber bands, and played with a hula hoop. In the other version of the study (designed to induce feelings of anger), the participant and confederate were asked to fill out questionnaires, which contained increasingly personal questions. The confederate became more and more irritated by the invasiveness of the questions, and eventually tore up the questionnaire and stormed out.

Schachter and Singer’s Results
The Schachter-Singer theory would predict that participants would feel happier (or angrier) if they did not know to expect the effects of the drug. Since they had no other explanation for the symptoms they felt, they would assume that it was the social environment making them feel this way.

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15
Q

misattribution of arousal experiment

A

washington state experiment with one strong bridge and one weak

people who crossed rickety bridge more likely to call attractive woman (feeling arousal due to scary experience crossing bridge)

attributing arousal to experimenter, not bridge

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16
Q

false feedback arousal experiment

A

give people headphones and play their heartbeat back to them

sub in fake heartbeat, then tell subject to look at people and see if theyre attractive (convince them they had a moment of sympathetic arousal)

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17
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

change your appraisal from therapy to excitement

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18
Q

emotional expression

A

an observable sign of an emotional
state, and, although robots can be taught to exhibit them, human beings do so naturally

we can read other people’s emotional expression

other primates have fewer facial muscles so they dont have expression

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19
Q

six basic emotions

A

disgust
fear
happiness
sadness
anger
surprise

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20
Q

why express emotion

A

adaptive physiological changes:
darwin said emotions help your body determine best response to environment (you smell feces so your mouth and nose close so feces cant get into body)

communication: we tear up due to emotional experience, so we’re communicating mental states to other people

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21
Q

duchenne vs posed smiles

A

hard to fake emotions, honest
different muscles involved from fake smile to real smile

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22
Q

brain basis of emotion

A

amygdala- fear
insula in temporal lobe- disgust

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23
Q

implication of the Schachter-Singer theory

A

One implication of the Schachter-Singer theory is that physiological activation from one source can essentially transfer to the next thing we encounter, and this can affect our judgment of the new thing. For example, imagine that you’re running late to see a comedy show, so you end up jogging to get there. The Schachter-Singer theory would say that your sympathetic nervous system is already activated by running, so you would feel subsequent emotions (in this case, amusement) more strongly. In other words, the theory would predict that you’d find the comedy show funnier than if you had walked there.

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24
Q

two dimensions of emotion

A

valence and arousal, can be high or low

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24
action tendencies
Emotions follow from appraisals and they produce action tendencies, which are a readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors For example, have you ever noticed that when you are frightened by a sudden loud noise, you instantly stop moving? Why? Because the emotional state called fear produces an action tendency called “freezing” Similarly, if you’ve ever gotten into a heated argument with someone, you may have noticed yourself inching toward that person rather than away, because the emotional state called anger produces an action tendency called “approach” Each of these action tendencies makes a good deal of evolutionary sense: When a bear growls at you, you should stand still; when an enemy threatens, you should move forward to stop him; and when you see something totally gross, you should move away before you catch something. Action tendencies remind us that emotions are adaptive states that nature designed to ensure our survival
25
James–Lange theory of emotion
feelings are simply the perception of one’s own physiological responses to a stimulus
26
why is the James–Lange theory of emotion wrong
First, some of our emotional experiences happen before our bodily responses do. People feel embarrassed at precisely the moment their pants fall off in public, but the bodily response called “blushing” takes a full 15 to 30 seconds to occur. How could embarrassment simply be “the perception of blushing” if the feeling happens first? Second, all sorts of things can cause bodily responses without also causing emotions. When your bedroom gets hot, your heart naturally starts to beat a bit faster, yet you don’t feel afraid of your pillow, do you? If fear were merely “the perception of a rapid heartbeat,” then why wouldn’t you be scared every time your roommate cranked the thermostat? Third, for the James–Lange theory to work, every human emotion would have to be associated with a unique set of bodily responses—that is, every emotion would have to have a unique “physiological fingerprint,” so to speak Different emotional experiences are sometimes associated with the same set of bodily responses, and different bodily responses are sometimes associated with the same emotional experience.
27
amygdala damage
Although people with amygdala damage do not feel fear when they see a threat, they do feel fear when they experience a threat— for example, when they suddenly find they can’t breathe
28
fast pathway
goes from the eye to the thalamus and then directly to the amygdala your amygdala uses the information quickly to answer a simple question: “Is this stimulus relevant to my survival?” If your amygdala’s answer to that question is yes, it helps produce the bodily responses that, when your cortex is finally done with its investigation, you will come to call fear.
29
slow pathway
goes from the eye to the thalamus and then to the cortex and then to the amygdala when you see a bear in your kitchen, information about the bear arrives at your amygdala and at your cortex at about the same time. While your cortex conducts a relatively slow, full-scale investigation of the information (“This seems to be an animal, probably a mammal, maybe a member of the genus Ursus …”),
30
how do we stop fear
Once the cortex has finished its full-scale investigation of the information it has received, this connection allows the cortex to downregulate the amygdala, which is just a fancy way of saying that the cortex tells the amygdala to reduce its activity. In a sense, the amygdala’s job is to hit the emotional gas pedal, and the cortex’s job is to hit the brakes
31
darwin universality hypothesis,
all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times
32
how may darwin universality hypothesis be wrong?
Research also suggests that some emotional expressions—such as shame, happiness, and sadness—have distinct cultural “accents” Westerners and East Asians agree about how the face expresses the experience of intense physical pain, but they disagree about how it expresses the experience of intense physical pleasure. For instance, East Asians expect the physical pleasure of orgasm to produce an expression that is a lot like the expression of happiness, but Westerners expect it to produce an expression that is a lot like the expression of surprise.
33
facial feedback hypothesis
suggests that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they typically signify. For instance, studies show that under the right circumstances, people feel happier when they are asked to hold a pencil in their teeth (which causes contraction of the zygomaticus major) than when they are asked to hold a pencil in their lips
34
display rule
which is a norm for the appropriate expression of emotion Obeying display rules requires using several techniques, which most of us have mastered: Intensification involves exaggerating the expression of emotion, as people do when pretending to be delighted by an unwanted gift . Deintensification involves muting the expression of one’s emotion, as athletes do when they lose their events but try not to look too disappointed Masking involves expressing one emotion while feeling another, as a judge does when she tries to seem interested in, rather than contemptuous of, a lawyer’s argument. Neutralizing involves showing no expression of the emotion one is feeling, as when a card player tries to keep a “poker face” despite having been dealt a winning hand.
35
the internal causes of purposeful behavior
motivation
35
drive-reduction theory
the primary motivation of all organisms is to reduce their drives. According to this theory, animals are not actually motivated to eat and don’t actually find food rewarding. Rather, they are motivated to reduce their drive for food, and it is the reduction of this drive that they find rewarding. A reinforcement is simply any “substance or commodity in the environment which satisfies a need, i.e., which reduces a drive
36
reappraisal
changing one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus
37
eating disorders
anorexia bulimia binge eating
38
hunger hormes
leptin- turn hunger off Ghrelin- turn hunger on
39
Evolutionary mismatch
traits that were adaptive in an ancestral environment may be maladaptive in a modern environment First, we developed a strong attraction to foods that provide large amounts of energy per bite, which is why most of us prefer cheeseburgers and milkshakes to spinach and tea Second, we developed an ability to store excess food energy in the form of fat, which enabled us to eat more than we needed when food was plentiful and then live off our reserves when food was scarce. These two adaptations allowed our species to survive in a world in which calorie-rich food was available only rarely, and the problem is that we don’t live in that world anymore
40
intrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding
41
extrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that lead to reward.
42
motivations of which people are aware
conscious motivations
43
motivations of which people are not aware
unconscious motivations
44
loss aversion
aversion is the tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal-size gains Because people expect the pain of a loss to outweigh the pleasure of a gain, they typically take more risks to avoid the former than to achieve the latter
45
approach motivation
which is the motivation to experience positive outcomes
46
avoidance motivation
the motivation to avoid experiencing negative outcomes
47
1. Feelings can be described by their location on the two dimensions of
b. arousal and valence.
48
Which theory suggests that emotions are people’s interpretations of their own general physiological arousal?
c. the two-factor theory
49
Which brain structure is most directly involved in the rapid appraisal of whether a stimulus is good or bad
c. the amygdala
50
4. is an emotion-regulation strategy that involves thinking about events in new ways.
Reappraisal
51
5. is the idea that emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.
d. The facial feedback hypothesis
52
Pretending to experience one emotion when you are really experiencing a completely different one is an example of .
masking
53
7. The hedonic principle states that
b. people are primarily motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain.
54
8. An unlearned motivation has been called
a. an instinct.
55
9. According to Maslow, our most basic needs are
b. shared with other animals.
56
9. According to Maslow, our most basic needs are
b. shared with other animals.
57
There are five levels in Maslow's pyramid...
There are five levels in Maslow's pyramid. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological (food and clothing), safety (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization.Apr 4, 2022
58
Which statement is true? a. Men and women engage in sex for many of the same reasons. b. Boys and girls experience initial sexual interest at very different ages. c. The sequence of physiological arousal for men and women differs dramatically. d. The human male sex drive is regulated by testosterone, whereas the human female sex drive is regulated by estrogen.
a. Men and women engage in sex for many of the same reasons.