lesson 13 social cognition and influence groups

Question 1

what makes us different from primates

Answer 1

tool use, language, ways we interact with other members of our species

Question 2

why is pointing interesting

Answer 2

other apes dont point (especially in the wild)

they dont know what that means (cant make inferential thought but can learn through conditioning)

Question 3

things we do that apes dont

Answer 3

pointing (dont know what it means)

teaching (breaking down into steps, tie shoes)

cooperation

share resources (very selfish, only share due to begging, only share the worst part of food)

Question 4

how to build a social being

Answer 4

motivation
capacity
default

Question 5

social motivation

Answer 5

donating money, time

maybe people are generous because we’re selfish but dont want to look like it (enculturated)

Question 6

social motivation experiment

Answer 6

ask person to make financial choices about money after they meet someone and have a conversation with them

tend to give more money to the other person

if people make decisions about this fast, they tend to be more generous

Question 7

early emergence of prosocial behavior

Answer 7

species typical behavior- little kids tend to pick up things that fall

Question 8

study with chimps to see if theyll be helpful

Answer 8

two trays, chimp can pull a toward him but if he does other chimp will get food, if he chooses b other chimp wont

they’re indifferent to whether other chimp (someone they know) gets food or not, not inherently helpful

Question 9

why is social exclusion painful

Answer 9

many words we use for physical pain can also be used in social world

anterior cingulate cortex (engaged in physical pain) also lights up when someone feels social pain

solitary confinement considered extreme mental torture

Question 10

social capacity

Answer 10

humans are able to explain other humans’ behavior

Question 11

theory of mind (mentalizing, mind reading)

Answer 11

we believe people’s behavior is fundamentally animated by the thoughts, feelings, goals, and personality

Question 12

young kids social capacity experiment

Answer 12

kids have difficulty realizing other people have different minds and that mental states that can be manipulated (childish innocence, cant deceive)

the monkey will take the sticker you like, so tell the monkey. you like a different one and trick it so you can keep the one you like. they dont know how to deceive

Question 13

false belief test

Answer 13

failures of egocentricity, sally ann test

Question 14

example of black panther

Answer 14

we can represent all of tchalla’s emotions after his father’s death: anger, shame, vengeful even though he’s a fictional character

Question 15

autism spectrum disorder

Answer 15

deficit in the way individuals understand the social world:

social-emotional reciprocity
nonverbal communicative

behaviors used for social interaction

developing maintaining and understanding relationships

Question 16

example with love on the spectrum, asd

Answer 16

individuals looking for romantic relationships but interact atypically with others

Question 17

autism

Answer 17

leo kanner, said people with autism were auto (wanted to be alone, show behaviors that make them seem unusual socially like treating people like objects, savant like abilities, obsessive behaviors)

Question 18

social cognition by default

Answer 18

we tend to impose social interpretations on all kinds of stimuli, even objects

in addition to seeing action, also perceiving thoughts feelings emotions and desires

geometric shape video, autistic people freed from tendency to say something about mental state

Question 19

autism and the social brain

Answer 19

humans have modules specialized for theory of mind

brain regions most hungry for nutrients are front and parietal (important for social world, primed social awareness)

without brain primed for social thought, hard to engage in typical social interactions, but more energy to be put toward savant like nonsocial things

Question 20

what do people tend to think about other people

Answer 20

explanations are inside head, but tend to ignore external factors that also guide people’s behavior

Question 21

attribution

Answer 21

process of making inferences about the causes of another person’s behavior

internal causes: otto warmbier doesnt like the US

external causes: he’s in a coercive situation

Question 22

Correspondence bias/fundamental attribution error

Answer 22

human tendency to assume a person’s behavior is due to internal beliefs or goals instead of external factors

tendency to make a dispositional attribution when
we should instead make a situational attribution

Question 23

Correspondence bias experiment

Answer 23

pro castro essay, say some are assigned essay but people still have correspondence bias

Question 24

aggression

Answer 24

behavior whose purpose is to
harm another

Question 25

frustration–aggression hypothesis

Answer 25

suggests that animals aggress when their goals are frustrated

Question 26

reactive vs proactive aggression

Answer 26

aggression that is planned and
purposeful

aggression that occurs spontaneously in response to a
negative affective state

Question 27

aggression is associated with the presence of a hormone called

Answer 27

testosterone

Question 28

social loafing

Answer 28

the tendency of people to
expend less effort when they are in a group than when they are alone

Question 28

social loafing

Answer 28

the tendency of people to
expend less effort when they are in a group than when they are alone

Question 29

situational attributions

Answer 29

when we decide that a person’s behavior was caused by some temporary aspect of the situation in which it
happened (“He was lucky that the wind carried the ball into the stands”)

Question 30

dispositional attributions

Answer 30

when we decide that a person’s behavior was caused by a relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a
particular way (“He’s got a great eye and a powerful swing”).

Question 31

dispositional vs situational

Answer 31

(1) consistent (does he usually wear a cheese hat?); (2) consensual (are other
people wearing cheese hats?); and (3) distinctive (is this the only goofy thing the man does?)

Question 32

actor–observer effect

Answer 32

the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for
the identical behavior of others

Question 33

Social influence

Answer 33

the ability to change or direct another person’s behavior

Question 34

People have three basic motivations that turn out to be the levers of almost all attempts at social
influence

Answer 34

First, people are motivated to experience pleasure
and to avoid experiencing pain (the hedonic motive). Second, people are motivated to be accepted and to avoid
being rejected (the approval motive). Third, people are motivated to believe what is right and to avoid believing
what is wrong (the accuracy motive)

Question 35

the Hedonic Motive

Answer 35

Pleasure seeking is the most basic of all motives, and social influence often involves creating situations in which
others can achieve more pleasure by doing what we want them to do than by doing something else. Parents,
teachers, governments, and businesses influence our behavior by offering rewards and threatening punishment

Question 36

overjustification effect

Answer 36

when a reward decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a behavior

Question 37

Reactance

Answer 37

an unpleasant feeling that arises when people feel they are being coerced, and when people experience reactance, they often try to alleviate it by doing the very thing they were being coerced not to do—just
to prove to themselves that they can

Question 38

norm of reciprocity

Answer 38

the unwritten rule
that people should benefit those who have benefited them

Question 38

Normative influence

Answer 38

conformity based on one’s desire to fulfill others’ expectations and gain acceptance

Question 39

Williams Syndrome

Answer 39

a rare genetic disorder characterized by mild to moderate delays in cognitive development or learning difficulties, a distinctive facial appearance, and a unique personality that combines over-friendliness and high levels of empathy with anxiety.Jul 25, 2022