lesson 17 psychopathology Flashcards
psychopathology
a physical illness that impairs normal mental processing
break the study of psychology down
experimental and clinical
clinical can be broken down into social, personality, cognitive, developmental, and abnormal
prevalence of psychopathology
1/4 to 1/3 people experience mental illness, is going up
increased prevalence of depression and suicide in american children, older people tend to be more happy
depression and anxiety more in women than men but men tend to be more successful in suicide because theyre more violent like gun vs women who use pills
etiology of psychopathology
diathesis stress model: two things need to cooccur
risk factor: more or less likely to have that outcome
stresses: events that take the risk factor from just a risk to an actual illness, disruption, or disorder
osteoporosis is the risk factor, event is fall that causes bone to break
3 cs of psychopathology
classification, cause, care
nosology, etiology, treatment
diathesis stress model
a person may be
predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
The diathesis is the internal predisposition, and the stress is the external trigger
many risk factors are already in us: certain genes make us predisposed to things like cancer
diathesis stress model example
filling cups that have a preexisting level of water in them
one has more than another, so if i put rocks in both one will overflow faster
examples of diastheses (water)
genetic risk factor
unstable childhood
high alcohol consumption
poor sleep hygiene
low social support
examples of stresses (rocks)
death of a loved one
relationship breakup
relocation
loss of a job
bankruptcy
prolonged social isolation
nosology
the branch of medicine that deals with classification of diseases
how do people classify illnesses
dsm (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) to diagnose and classify diseases
the problem of classifying by symptom
we cant just order an mri to make sure it’s depression vs bipolar disorder
we cant be sure whether people who present with the same symptoms have the same underlying disorder (which is why it can be hard to diagnose autism)
anhedonia
loss of pleasure
mood disorders: depression and bipolar disorder
mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant
feature and take two main forms
depression (unipolar)- a severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance
bipolar (multipolar)- a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania)
and low mood (depression). In the manic phase,
which must last at least 1 week to meet DSM requirements, mood can be elevated, expansive, or irritable. Other
prominent symptoms include grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility,
and reckless behavior (such as compulsive gambling, sexual indiscretions, and unrestrained spending sprees).
Psychotic features such as hallucinations (erroneous perceptions) and delusions (erroneous beliefs) may be
present, so the disorder can be misdiagnosed as schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
feelings of nervousness and worry
generalized anxiety disorder
fear about future and basically everything, cant name a specific thing that causes fear
fear/worry about things that may happen
the class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature. People commonly experience more than one type of anxiety disorder at a given time, and there is significant comorbidity between anxiety and depression
phobic disorder
fear about specific object or event that is excessive or unreasonable
hypervigilance, avoidance interferes with normal routine
tends to be certain common ones- minds that are built to be weary about certain things due to natural selection
*many people experience social phobia
obsessive compulsive disorder
fear of thoughts
obsessions- anxiety typically attaches to their own thoughts and feelings (thoughts seem to be forbidden and so individuals think they are dirty)
-can be orderliness, violent, sexual
compulsions- create ritualistic behavior to decrease anxiety about these obsessions
post traumatic stress disorder
fear of past experience
haunted by dreams and hyper vigilant for anything that reminds them of that event
chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the
trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind
schizophrenia
positive symptoms
negative symptoms
serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling
positive symptoms
things that are symptoms of schizophrenia that are additional behaviors: addition of something the only happens in schizophrenia but is absent in typical populations
negative symptoms
absent in schizophrenia but present in typical population
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
sort of break with typically thinking, break with reality we all agree on
abnormally present:
-delusion
-of grandeur (2nd coming of God)
-delusions of persecution, FBI is out to get me
-external agency (controlled by fbi or devil)
-hallucinations
-narration and criticism (hearing people)
-argument (people out to get me)
disorganized thoughts and speech (saying something “off)
inappropriate affect (very flat when others would be aggressive or angry)
grossly inappropriate behavior
catatonia
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
abnormally absent:
lack of:
motivation
social engagement
speech
concentration
affect
movement (catatonia)
explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and
social factors
biopsychosocial
perspective
effect of labeling psychological disorders
Psychiatric labels can have negative consequences because many carry the baggage of negative stereotypes and
stigma, such as the idea that a mental disorder is a sign of personal weakness or the idea that all psychiatric
patients are dangerous. The stigma associated with mental disorders may explain why most people with
diagnosable psychological disorders
effect of labeling psychological disorders
Psychiatric labels can have negative consequences because many carry the baggage of negative stereotypes and
stigma, such as the idea that a mental disorder is a sign of personal weakness or the idea that all psychiatric
patients are dangerous. The stigma associated with mental disorders may explain why most people with
diagnosable psychological disorders
preparedness theory of phobias
people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears. The preparedness theory, is supported by research showing that both humans and monkeys can quickly be conditioned to have a fear response for stimuli such as snakes and spiders, but not for neutral stimuli such as flowers or toy rabbits. Phobias are particularly likely to form for objects that evolution has predisposed us to avoid. This idea is also supported by studies of the heritability of phobias. Family studies of specific phobias
indicate greater concordance rates for identical than for fraternal twins
Helplessness
theory, which is a part of the cognitive model of depression, maintains that
individuals who are prone to
depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (i.e., their own fault), stable
(i.e., unlikely to change), and global (i.e., widespread). For example, a student at risk for depression might view a
bad grade on a math test as a sign of low intelligence (internal) that will never change (stable) and that will lead
to failure in all his or her future endeavors (global). In contrast, a student without this tendency might have the opposite response, attributing the grade to something external (poor teaching), unstable (a missed study session), and/or specific (boring subject)
Among the various mental disorders, this disorder has one of the highest rates of heritability, with
bipolar
people living with family members who are high in this emotion
expressed-
measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional overinvolvement people communicate when speaking
about a family member with a mental disorder, are more likely to relapse than are people with supportive families
dopamine hypothesis
the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine
activity
The hypothesis has been invoked to explain why amphetamines, which increase dopamine levels, often
exacerbate symptoms of schizophrenia
The conception of psychological disorders as diseases that have symptoms and possible cures is
referred to as
a. the medical model.
- The DSM–5 is best described as a
b. classification system.
- Comorbidity of disorders refers to
c. the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual.
- Irrational worries and fears that undermine one’s ability to function normally are an indication of
d. an anxiety disorder.
- A(n) disorder involves anxiety tied to a specific object or situation.
d. phobic
Kelly’s fear of germs leads her to wash her hands repeatedly throughout the day, often for a half hour or more, under extremely hot water. From which disorder does Kelly suffer?
b. obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Extreme moods swings between characterize bipolar disorder
a. depression and mania
- Schizophrenia is characterized by which of the following?
a. hallucinations
b. disorganized thoughts and behavior
c. emotional and social withdrawal
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Autism spectrum disorder is characterized most often by which of the following?
a. communication deficits and restricted, repetitive behavior
b. hallucinations and delusions
c. suicidal thoughts
d. schizophrenia
a. communication deficits and restricted, repetitive behavior
