lesson 17 psychopathology

Question 1

psychopathology

Answer 1

a physical illness that impairs normal mental processing

Question 2

break the study of psychology down

Answer 2

experimental and clinical

clinical can be broken down into social, personality, cognitive, developmental, and abnormal

Question 3

prevalence of psychopathology

Answer 3

1/4 to 1/3 people experience mental illness, is going up

increased prevalence of depression and suicide in american children, older people tend to be more happy

depression and anxiety more in women than men but men tend to be more successful in suicide because theyre more violent like gun vs women who use pills

Question 4

etiology of psychopathology

Answer 4

diathesis stress model: two things need to cooccur
risk factor: more or less likely to have that outcome

stresses: events that take the risk factor from just a risk to an actual illness, disruption, or disorder

osteoporosis is the risk factor, event is fall that causes bone to break

Question 5

3 cs of psychopathology

Answer 5

classification, cause, care
nosology, etiology, treatment

Question 6

diathesis stress model

Answer 6

a person may be
predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

The diathesis is the internal predisposition, and the stress is the external trigger

many risk factors are already in us: certain genes make us predisposed to things like cancer

Question 7

diathesis stress model example

Answer 7

filling cups that have a preexisting level of water in them

one has more than another, so if i put rocks in both one will overflow faster

Question 8

examples of diastheses (water)

Answer 8

genetic risk factor
unstable childhood
high alcohol consumption
poor sleep hygiene
low social support

Question 9

examples of stresses (rocks)

Answer 9

death of a loved one
relationship breakup
relocation
loss of a job
bankruptcy
prolonged social isolation

Question 10

nosology

Answer 10

the branch of medicine that deals with classification of diseases

Question 11

how do people classify illnesses

Answer 11

dsm (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) to diagnose and classify diseases

Question 12

the problem of classifying by symptom

Answer 12

we cant just order an mri to make sure it’s depression vs bipolar disorder

we cant be sure whether people who present with the same symptoms have the same underlying disorder (which is why it can be hard to diagnose autism)

Question 13

anhedonia

Answer 13

loss of pleasure

Question 14

mood disorders: depression and bipolar disorder

Answer 14

mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant
feature and take two main forms

depression (unipolar)- a severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance

bipolar (multipolar)- a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania)
and low mood (depression). In the manic phase,
which must last at least 1 week to meet DSM requirements, mood can be elevated, expansive, or irritable. Other
prominent symptoms include grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility,
and reckless behavior (such as compulsive gambling, sexual indiscretions, and unrestrained spending sprees).
Psychotic features such as hallucinations (erroneous perceptions) and delusions (erroneous beliefs) may be
present, so the disorder can be misdiagnosed as schizophrenia

Question 15

anxiety disorders

Answer 15

feelings of nervousness and worry

Question 16

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 16

fear about future and basically everything, cant name a specific thing that causes fear

fear/worry about things that may happen

the class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature. People commonly experience more than one type of anxiety disorder at a given time, and there is significant comorbidity between anxiety and depression

Question 17

phobic disorder

Answer 17

fear about specific object or event that is excessive or unreasonable

hypervigilance, avoidance interferes with normal routine

tends to be certain common ones- minds that are built to be weary about certain things due to natural selection

*many people experience social phobia

Question 18

obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer 18

fear of thoughts

obsessions- anxiety typically attaches to their own thoughts and feelings (thoughts seem to be forbidden and so individuals think they are dirty)
-can be orderliness, violent, sexual

compulsions- create ritualistic behavior to decrease anxiety about these obsessions

Question 19

post traumatic stress disorder

Answer 19

fear of past experience

haunted by dreams and hyper vigilant for anything that reminds them of that event

chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the
trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind

Question 20

schizophrenia

Answer 20

positive symptoms
negative symptoms

serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling

Question 21

positive symptoms

Answer 21

things that are symptoms of schizophrenia that are additional behaviors: addition of something the only happens in schizophrenia but is absent in typical populations

Question 22

negative symptoms

Answer 22

absent in schizophrenia but present in typical population

Question 23

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 23

sort of break with typically thinking, break with reality we all agree on

abnormally present:

-delusion
-of grandeur (2nd coming of God)
-delusions of persecution, FBI is out to get me
-external agency (controlled by fbi or devil)

-hallucinations
-narration and criticism (hearing people)
-argument (people out to get me)

disorganized thoughts and speech (saying something “off)

inappropriate affect (very flat when others would be aggressive or angry)

grossly inappropriate behavior

catatonia

Question 24

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 24

abnormally absent:

lack of:
motivation
social engagement
speech
concentration
affect
movement (catatonia)

Question 25

explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors

Answer 25

biopsychosocial perspective

Question 26

effect of labeling psychological disorders

Answer 26

Psychiatric labels can have negative consequences because many carry the baggage of negative stereotypes and stigma, such as the idea that a mental disorder is a sign of personal weakness or the idea that all psychiatric patients are dangerous. The stigma associated with mental disorders may explain why most people with diagnosable psychological disorders

Question 27

effect of labeling psychological disorders

Answer 27

Psychiatric labels can have negative consequences because many carry the baggage of negative stereotypes and stigma, such as the idea that a mental disorder is a sign of personal weakness or the idea that all psychiatric patients are dangerous. The stigma associated with mental disorders may explain why most people with diagnosable psychological disorders

Question 28

preparedness theory of phobias

Answer 28

people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears. The preparedness theory, is supported by research showing that both humans and monkeys can quickly be conditioned to have a fear response for stimuli such as snakes and spiders, but not for neutral stimuli such as flowers or toy rabbits. Phobias are particularly likely to form for objects that evolution has predisposed us to avoid. This idea is also supported by studies of the heritability of phobias. Family studies of specific phobias indicate greater concordance rates for identical than for fraternal twins

Question 29

Helplessness theory, which is a part of the cognitive model of depression, maintains that

Answer 29

individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (i.e., their own fault), stable (i.e., unlikely to change), and global (i.e., widespread). For example, a student at risk for depression might view a bad grade on a math test as a sign of low intelligence (internal) that will never change (stable) and that will lead to failure in all his or her future endeavors (global). In contrast, a student without this tendency might have the opposite response, attributing the grade to something external (poor teaching), unstable (a missed study session), and/or specific (boring subject)

Question 30

Among the various mental disorders, this disorder has one of the highest rates of heritability, with

Answer 30

bipolar

Question 31

people living with family members who are high in this emotion

Answer 31

expressed- measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional overinvolvement people communicate when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder, are more likely to relapse than are people with supportive families

Question 32

dopamine hypothesis

Answer 32

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity The hypothesis has been invoked to explain why amphetamines, which increase dopamine levels, often exacerbate symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 33

The conception of psychological disorders as diseases that have symptoms and possible cures is referred to as

Answer 33

a. the medical model.

Question 33

2. The DSM–5 is best described as a

Answer 33

b. classification system.

Question 34

3. Comorbidity of disorders refers to

Answer 34

c. the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual.

Question 35

4. Irrational worries and fears that undermine one’s ability to function normally are an indication of

Answer 35

d. an anxiety disorder.

Question 36

5. A(n) disorder involves anxiety tied to a specific object or situation.

Answer 36

d. phobic

Question 37

Kelly’s fear of germs leads her to wash her hands repeatedly throughout the day, often for a half hour or more, under extremely hot water. From which disorder does Kelly suffer?

Answer 37

b. obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 38

7. Extreme moods swings between characterize bipolar disorder

Answer 38

a. depression and mania

Question 39

8. Schizophrenia is characterized by which of the following? a. hallucinations b. disorganized thoughts and behavior c. emotional and social withdrawal d. all of the above

Answer 39

d. all of the above

Question 40

Autism spectrum disorder is characterized most often by which of the following? a. communication deficits and restricted, repetitive behavior b. hallucinations and delusions c. suicidal thoughts d. schizophrenia

Answer 40

a. communication deficits and restricted, repetitive behavior