lesson 18 psychopathology part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

highest risk schizhophrenia diasthesis

A

highest risk is identical twin
genetic vulneralbility

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2
Q

schizophrenia stresses

A

social isolation (people in mexico fare better than people in america because they arent isolated)

family dynamics (ways families express emotions, fighting)

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3
Q

two classes of treatments for mental disorders:

A

psychopharmacology (meds) vs psychotherapy (change mindset)

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4
Q

experiment for psychopathology treatment

A

experiment where they gave people with ocd:
1) anti anxiety meds
2) psychotherapy
-change in brain is the same whether through drugs or therapy, so behavior/cognitions has also been changed

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4
Q

how neurons communicate with each other (psychopharmacology)

A

synapse: when action potential fired through neuron, chemical released from axon terminal of presynaptic neuron and float over to receptors on dendrites/soma of postsynaptic neuron- now either more likely to fire or less

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5
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemicals neurons use to communicate over synapse

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6
Q

history of schizophrenia

A

before 1940s, outcomes of people with disorder were bad, left to fend for themselves

then frontal lobotomies used to decrease associated symptoms
(caused people to be disconnected)

then 1950s developed by accident drugs that have effect on symptoms (antihistamine, dopamine antagonists)

antagonist decreases action of dopamine

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7
Q

thorazine shuffle

A

one of the first drugs that helped with schizophrenia symptoms, but caused parkinsons’ like side effects where muscles lock up and person moves slowly

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8
Q

how do drugs impact schizophrenia

A

they diminish the symptoms but dont get to the root of the problem

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9
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (depression)

A

serotonin left over in synapse
drugs for depression inhibit reuptake of serotonin (being taken up by trash molecules to be reused)

so now more serotonin left over (levels increase)

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10
Q

gaba (anxiety)

A

gaba in brain’s main inhibitory neurotransmitter

increase gaba levels, brain activity less excited (inhibited more), anxiety decreases

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11
Q

main drugs for psychopharmacology

A

ssri (depression)
anti anxiety drugs (anxiety)
anti psychotic (schizophrenia)
lithium (bipolar)

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12
Q

pros for using drugs for mental illness

A

easy to administer
cheap
people will actually take the drug

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13
Q

cons for using drugs for mental illness

A

difficult to get people to adhere to drug regimens because they like symptom of disorder (drugs deaden experiences)

not training patient to think differently; if they stop taking meds symptoms will come back

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14
Q

what is psychotherapy

A

intervening directly at level of the mind, behavior, motion

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15
Q

history of psychotherapy

A

freud psychoanalysis

view of why people experience negative events, has to do with something they dealt with in past

getting people to open wound from past, resurface problems and conceptualize the things that were once true but not anymore

16
Q

treatment of psychopathology: depression

A

cognitive behavioral therapy (can also work with anxiety, as there is a lot of comorbidity)

17
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

focuses on changing cognitive distortions and associated behaviors to improve emotional regulation and develop coping strategies

This technique acknowledges that
there may be behaviors that people cannot control through rational thought, but also that there are ways of
helping people think more rationally when thought does play a role. In contrast to traditional behavior therapy
and cognitive therapy, CBT is problem-focused, meaning that it is undertaken for specific problems (e.g.,
reducing the frequency of panic attacks or returning to work after a bout of depression), and action-oriented,
meaning that the therapist tries to assist the client in selecting specific strategies that could help address those
problems. The client is expected to do things, such as engage in exposure exercises, practice behavior-change
skills, or use a diary to monitor relevant symptoms (e.g., the severity of depressed mood, panic attack symptoms).
This is in contrast to psychodynamic or other therapies in which goals may not be explicitly discussed or agreed
on and the client’s only necessary action is to attend the therapy session.

18
Q

what does cbt do

A

patient experiences arousal
therapist helps change appraisal to change the meaning of that arousal

19
Q

treatment of psychopathology: anxiety

A

cbt
exposure therapy

20
Q

exposure therapy

A

geared at changing people’s phobic experiences

relaxation techniques like breathing then slowly expose individual to phobias

kind of conditioning: extinction
*like with woman and snake, progress can be uneven

anxiety is hard to maintain over long periods of time

21
Q

psychotherapy pros

A

few side effects

22
Q

psychotherapy cons

A

can be time intensive

expensive

no drugs involved

23
Q

thorazine shuffle

A

one of the first drugs that helped with schizophrenia symptoms, but caused parkinson’s’ like side effects where muscles lock up and person moves slowly

24
psychological science big ideas
1) complexity emerges from simplicity (neurons cause such big changes) 2) we are suped up primates (we do a lot of things because of ancestors/natural selection) 3) reality is an invention (vast things we conieve 4)
25
childhood events and encourage individuals to use the understanding gained from the exploration to develop insight into their psychological problem
Psychodynamic psychotherapies
26
three potential illusions of treatment
that improvements were produced by natural improvement, by placebo effects, and by reconstructive memory
27
10. Antidepressant medications have the strongest effects for people with this level of depression.
severe
28
9. Atypical antipsychotic drugs a. act on different neurotransmitters depending on the individual. b. affect only the dopamine system. c. affect only the serotonin system. d. act on both the dopamine and serotonin systems
d. act on both the dopamine and serotonin systems
29
Antipsychotic drugs were developed to treat a. depression. b. schizophrenia. c. anxiety. d. mood disorders.
schizophrenia
30
. Examining the failure to reach one’s potential reflects the approach, whereas examining one’s failure to find meaning in life reflects the approach. a. cognitive; behavioral b. humanistic; existential c. psychodynamic; cognitive behavioral d. existential; humanistic
b. humanistic; existential
31
Which type of therapy emphasizes action on the part of the client, as well as complete transparency from the therapist as to the specifics of the treatment? a. cognitive behavioral therapy b. humanistic therapy c. existential therapy d. group therapy
a. cognitive behavioral therapy
32
Mindfulness meditation is part of which kind of therapy? a. interpersonal therapy b. humanistic therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. cognitive therapy
d. cognitive therapy
33
Which type of therapy would likely work best for someone with an irrational fear of heights? a. psychodynamic therapy b. gestalt therapy c. behavioral therapy d. humanistic therapy
c. behavioral therapy
34
3. The different psychodynamic therapies all share an emphasis on a. the influence of the collective unconscious. b. the importance of taking responsibility for psychological problems. c. combining behavioral and cognitive approaches. d. developing insight into the unconscious sources of psychological disorders
d. developing insight into the unconscious sources of psychological disorders.
35
Eclectic psychotherapy a. concentrates on the interpretation of dreams. b. introduces clients to strange situations. c. draws on techniques from different forms of therapy. d. focuses on the analysis of resistance
c. draws on techniques from different forms of therapy.
36
Which statement is NOT a reason that people fail to get treatment for mental illness? a. People may not realize that their disorder needs to be treated. b. Levels of impairment for people with mental illness are comparable to or higher than those of people with chronic medical illnesses. c. There may be barriers to treatment, such as beliefs and circumstances that keep people from getting help. d. Even people who acknowledge they have a problem may not know where to look for services
Levels of impairment for people with mental illness are comparable to or higher than those of people with chronic medical illnesses.
37
psychosurgery
surgical destruction of specific brain areas like lobotomies for schizophrenia in 1940s
37
Biological Treatments Beyond Medication
psychosurgery electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a treatment that involves inducing a brief seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain; it is also sometimes referred to as shock therapy transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person’s scalp to alter neuronal activity in the brain