lesson 18 psychopathology part 2

Question 1

highest risk schizhophrenia diasthesis

Answer 1

highest risk is identical twin
genetic vulneralbility

Question 2

schizophrenia stresses

Answer 2

social isolation (people in mexico fare better than people in america because they arent isolated)

family dynamics (ways families express emotions, fighting)

Question 3

two classes of treatments for mental disorders:

Answer 3

psychopharmacology (meds) vs psychotherapy (change mindset)

Question 4

experiment for psychopathology treatment

Answer 4

experiment where they gave people with ocd:
1) anti anxiety meds
2) psychotherapy
-change in brain is the same whether through drugs or therapy, so behavior/cognitions has also been changed

Question 4

how neurons communicate with each other (psychopharmacology)

Answer 4

synapse: when action potential fired through neuron, chemical released from axon terminal of presynaptic neuron and float over to receptors on dendrites/soma of postsynaptic neuron- now either more likely to fire or less

Question 5

neurotransmitter

Answer 5

chemicals neurons use to communicate over synapse

Question 6

history of schizophrenia

Answer 6

before 1940s, outcomes of people with disorder were bad, left to fend for themselves

then frontal lobotomies used to decrease associated symptoms
(caused people to be disconnected)

then 1950s developed by accident drugs that have effect on symptoms (antihistamine, dopamine antagonists)

antagonist decreases action of dopamine

Question 7

thorazine shuffle

Answer 7

one of the first drugs that helped with schizophrenia symptoms, but caused parkinsons’ like side effects where muscles lock up and person moves slowly

Question 8

how do drugs impact schizophrenia

Answer 8

they diminish the symptoms but dont get to the root of the problem

Question 9

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (depression)

Answer 9

serotonin left over in synapse
drugs for depression inhibit reuptake of serotonin (being taken up by trash molecules to be reused)

so now more serotonin left over (levels increase)

Question 10

gaba (anxiety)

Answer 10

gaba in brain’s main inhibitory neurotransmitter

increase gaba levels, brain activity less excited (inhibited more), anxiety decreases

Question 11

main drugs for psychopharmacology

Answer 11

ssri (depression)
anti anxiety drugs (anxiety)
anti psychotic (schizophrenia)
lithium (bipolar)

Question 12

pros for using drugs for mental illness

Answer 12

easy to administer
cheap
people will actually take the drug

Question 13

cons for using drugs for mental illness

Answer 13

difficult to get people to adhere to drug regimens because they like symptom of disorder (drugs deaden experiences)

not training patient to think differently; if they stop taking meds symptoms will come back

Question 14

what is psychotherapy

Answer 14

intervening directly at level of the mind, behavior, motion

Question 15

history of psychotherapy

Answer 15

freud psychoanalysis

view of why people experience negative events, has to do with something they dealt with in past

getting people to open wound from past, resurface problems and conceptualize the things that were once true but not anymore

Question 16

treatment of psychopathology: depression

Answer 16

cognitive behavioral therapy (can also work with anxiety, as there is a lot of comorbidity)

Question 17

cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 17

focuses on changing cognitive distortions and associated behaviors to improve emotional regulation and develop coping strategies

This technique acknowledges that
there may be behaviors that people cannot control through rational thought, but also that there are ways of
helping people think more rationally when thought does play a role. In contrast to traditional behavior therapy
and cognitive therapy, CBT is problem-focused, meaning that it is undertaken for specific problems (e.g.,
reducing the frequency of panic attacks or returning to work after a bout of depression), and action-oriented,
meaning that the therapist tries to assist the client in selecting specific strategies that could help address those
problems. The client is expected to do things, such as engage in exposure exercises, practice behavior-change
skills, or use a diary to monitor relevant symptoms (e.g., the severity of depressed mood, panic attack symptoms).
This is in contrast to psychodynamic or other therapies in which goals may not be explicitly discussed or agreed
on and the client’s only necessary action is to attend the therapy session.

Question 18

what does cbt do

Answer 18

patient experiences arousal
therapist helps change appraisal to change the meaning of that arousal

Question 19

treatment of psychopathology: anxiety

Answer 19

cbt
exposure therapy

Question 20

exposure therapy

Answer 20

geared at changing people’s phobic experiences

relaxation techniques like breathing then slowly expose individual to phobias

kind of conditioning: extinction
*like with woman and snake, progress can be uneven

anxiety is hard to maintain over long periods of time

Question 21

psychotherapy pros

Answer 21

few side effects

Question 22

psychotherapy cons

Answer 22

can be time intensive

expensive

no drugs involved

Question 23

thorazine shuffle

Answer 23

one of the first drugs that helped with schizophrenia symptoms, but caused parkinson’s’ like side effects where muscles lock up and person moves slowly

Question 24

psychological science big ideas

Answer 24

1) complexity emerges from simplicity (neurons cause such big changes)

2) we are suped up primates (we do a lot of things because of ancestors/natural selection)

3) reality is an invention (vast things we conieve

4)

Question 25

childhood events and encourage individuals to use the understanding
gained from the exploration to develop insight into their psychological problem

Answer 25

Psychodynamic psychotherapies

Question 26

three potential
illusions of treatment

Answer 26

that improvements were produced by natural improvement, by placebo effects, and by
reconstructive memory

Question 27

10. Antidepressant medications have the strongest effects for people with this level of depression.

Answer 27

severe

Question 28

9. Atypical antipsychotic drugs
   a. act on different neurotransmitters depending on the individual.
   b. affect only the dopamine system.
   c. affect only the serotonin system.
   d. act on both the dopamine and serotonin systems

Answer 28

d. act on both the dopamine and serotonin systems

Question 29

Antipsychotic drugs were developed to treat
a. depression.
b. schizophrenia.
c. anxiety.
d. mood disorders.

Answer 29

schizophrenia

Question 30

. Examining the failure to reach one’s potential reflects the approach, whereas
examining one’s failure to find meaning in life reflects the approach.
a. cognitive; behavioral
b. humanistic; existential
c. psychodynamic; cognitive behavioral
d. existential; humanistic

Answer 30

b. humanistic; existential

Question 31

Which type of therapy emphasizes action on the part of the client, as well as complete transparency
from the therapist as to the specifics of the treatment?
a. cognitive behavioral therapy
b. humanistic therapy
c. existential therapy
d. group therapy

Answer 31

a. cognitive behavioral therapy

Question 32

Mindfulness meditation is part of which kind of therapy?
a. interpersonal therapy
b. humanistic therapy
c. psychodynamic therapy
d. cognitive therapy

Answer 32

d. cognitive therapy

Question 33

Which type of therapy would likely work best for someone with an irrational fear of heights?
a. psychodynamic therapy
b. gestalt therapy
c. behavioral therapy
d. humanistic therapy

Answer 33

c. behavioral therapy

Question 34

3. The different psychodynamic therapies all share an emphasis on
   a. the influence of the collective unconscious.
   b. the importance of taking responsibility for psychological problems.
   c. combining behavioral and cognitive approaches.
   d. developing insight into the unconscious sources of psychological disorders

Answer 34

d. developing insight into the unconscious sources of psychological disorders.

Question 35

Eclectic psychotherapy
a. concentrates on the interpretation of dreams.
b. introduces clients to strange situations.
c. draws on techniques from different forms of therapy.
d. focuses on the analysis of resistance

Answer 35

c. draws on techniques from different forms of therapy.

Question 36

Which statement is NOT a reason that people fail to get treatment for mental illness?
a. People may not realize that their disorder needs to be treated.
b. Levels of impairment for people with mental illness are comparable to or higher than those of
people with chronic medical illnesses.
c. There may be barriers to treatment, such as beliefs and circumstances that keep people from
getting help.
d. Even people who acknowledge they have a problem may not know where to look for services

Answer 36

Levels of impairment for people with mental illness are comparable to or higher than those of
people with chronic medical illnesses.

Question 37

psychosurgery

Answer 37

surgical destruction of specific brain areas like lobotomies for schizophrenia in 1940s

Question 37

Biological Treatments Beyond Medication

Answer 37

psychosurgery

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a treatment that involves inducing a brief seizure
by delivering an electrical shock to the brain; it is also sometimes referred to as shock therapy

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a
treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person’s scalp to alter neuronal activity in the
brain