Lesson 8 - Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards
The heart of a person who is 80 years old would have beat __________ times.
30,000,000,000
This is a muscular organ situated in the center of the chest behind the sternum
Heart
The heart pumps blood towards the __________ and __________ circulation
Pulmonary and systemic
What does the heart transport?
- Blood
- Oxygen
- Nutrients
This type of blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart (except the pulmonary vein).
Arteries
The aorta carries blood to the __________ circulation.
Systemic
This type of blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood away to the heart (except the pulmonary artery).
Veins
The vena cava carries blood to the __________ from the __________.
Heart; systemic circulation
These prevent the back-flow of blood and separate the 4 chambers of the heart.
Valves
What are the two pairs of valves?
- Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
- Semilunar Valves
This is an AV valve that is found on the right side of the heart and separates the RA from the RV.
Tricuspid Valve
This is an AV valve that is found in the left side of the heart and separates the LA from the LV.
Mitral Valve
This is a semilunar valve that allows blood flow to the aorta.
Aortic Valve
This is a semilunar valve that allows blood flow to the pulmonary artery.
Pulmonic Valve
How many chambers does the heart have?
4 Chambers: 2 atria + 2 ventricles
This receives blood from the systemic or pulmonary circulation.
Atrium
Atrial contraction contributes to 20% of ventricular filling
Primer pump for the ventricles
This pumps blood to the systemic or pulmonary circulation.
Ventricles
What are the four basic properties of the heart?
- Excitability
- Automaticity & Rhythmicity
- Conductivity
- Contractility
This is important for initiating and conducting action potentials responsible for contraction
Automaticity & Rhythmicity
The arteries that supply the heart.
Coronary arteries
The cardiac veins drain into the __________.
Coronary sinus
Where can you hear the heart valve sounds of the aortic valve?
2nd ICS, Right parasternal border
Where can you hear the heart valve sounds of the pulmonic valve?
2nd ICS, left parasternal border
Where can you hear the heart valve sounds of the tricuspid valve?
5th ICS, left parasternal border
Where can you hear the heart valve sounds of the mitral valve?
5th ICS, midclavicular line
This is known as the pacemaker of the heart.
Sinoatrial node
TRUE OR FALSE: The sinoatrial node is slower than the other pacemakers.
FALSE: Fires faster*
What is the flow of electrical activity of the heart?
SA Node → AV Node → Bundle of His → Left and Right Bundle Branches
This phase has rapid depolarization due to Na+ influx.
Phase 0
This phase has brief period of repolarization due to K+ efflux and dec in Na+ influx.
Phase 1
This phase has the plateau of AP due to the increase in Ca2+ influx, ensuring adequate ventricular filling.
Phase 2
This phase has repolarization due to a decrease in Ca2+ influx and increase in K+ efflux.
Phase 3
This phase is stable with the resting membrane potential (RMP)
Phase 4
In electrocardiography, this represents atrial depolarization.
P wave
In electrocardiography, this represents ventricular depolarization.
QRS complex
In electrocardiography, this represents ventricular repolarization.
T wave
In electrocardiography, this represents the duration of AV conduction.
PR segment
In electrocardiography, this is isoelectric and correlates with plateau of ventricular action potential. It reflects ventricular recovery.
ST segment
What is the normal heart rate?
60-100 bpm
What is used to determine rhythm and rate.
Lead II
When is there a sudden increase in pressure due to the heart pushing blood into the arteries?
During systole
Blood pressure is highest immediately after __________ and is lowest during __________.
Systole; diastole
What is the normal range for Blood Pressure?
90/60 mmHg to 120/80 mmHg
What are the factors affecting blood pressure?
- Physical activity
- Food intake (increased fluid and sodium intake)
- Emotions
- Pain
- Temperature
- Use of tobacco, caffeine, drugs
- Position
- Environmental factors
- Physiological factors (Gender, build, emotions, physical exertion, age)
TRUE OR FALSE:
In preparing the patient and equipment, the patient should be seated upright, feet flat on the floor.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
In preparing the patient and equipment, the right arm (preferred) should be rested on a desk at the level of the heart.
FALSE: left arm
TRUE OR FALSE:
In preparing the patient and equipment, length & width of bladder cuff should be 80% and 40% of the arm’s circumference, respectively (basically should cover 2/3rd of the arm and should not be too tight or too loose)
TRUE
Small cuff yields an __________ of BP.
Overestimation
Large cuff yields an __________ of BP.
Underestimation
TRUE OR FALSE:
In preparing the patient and equipment, patient must have no caffeine or smoking 10-15 mins before measurement
FALSE: 30-60 mins
TRUE OR FALSE:
In preparing the patient and equipment, the patient should be rested at least 5 minutes prior to checking of blood pressure.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
In preparing the patient and equipment, the patient and the healthcare professional should not be talking during the procedure.
TRUE
What are the steps to measuring blood pressure?
- Make sure that the patient is prepared
- Take the palpatory BP
- Take the actual BP
How do you take the palpatory BP?
- Feel for the radial pulse
- Once the radial pulse is found, slowly inflate the BP cuff while looking at the manometer
- Once the pulse disappears, take note of the reading. This is your palpatory systolic blood pressure
In taking the actual BP, where do you place the diaphragm of the stethoscope?
On the brachial artery
How much do you add to the palpatory BP?
30 mmHg
What readings do you take note of in measuring the actual BP?
- Reading when you hear the first Korotkoff sound
- Reading when the sounds completely stop
The Korotkoff sound is the __________ BP, while the second sound is the __________ BP.
Systolic; diastolic
