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LBBBI15 > Lesson 6 - Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Lesson 6 - Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the first scientist to classify the five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch?

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

This is a branch of biology that studies the functions of sensory organs and their ability to process stimuli from the external environment.

A

Sensory physiology

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3
Q

Fill in the Blanks:

One’s sense is a system that consists of a __________ that respond to a specific kind of __________, and that correspond to a defined region within the brain where the signals are received and interpreted.

A

Sensory cell type; Physical energy

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4
Q

What are the 10 senses?

A
  1. Sight
  2. Hearing
  3. Taste
  4. Smell
  5. Touch
  6. Joint Position
  7. Vibration
  8. Temperature
  9. Pain
  10. Proprioception
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5
Q

At the cellular level, mechanoreceptors are activated by __________

A

Changes in pressure

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6
Q

At the cellular level, photoreceptors are activated by __________

A

Light

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7
Q

At the cellular level, chemoreceptors are activated by __________

A

Chemicals

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8
Q

At the cellular level, thermoreceptors are activated by __________

A

Changes in temperature

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9
Q

At the cellular level, nociceptors are activated by __________

A

Pain caused by extremes of the other senses

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10
Q

This is a process by which a sensory system becomes insensitive to continuous stimulation

A

Adaptation

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11
Q

In adaptation, __________ is the only sense that does not adapt.

A

Nociceptors, because it is essential for survival.

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12
Q

This responds to varying intensities and frequencies of pressure.

A

Tactition (Touch)

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13
Q

Where are tactile receptors for touch found?

A

Skin, muscles, and viscera

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14
Q

This is found in hairy and glabrous skin on the fingertips. It is able to detect corners, edges, and curves.

A

Merkel’s disc

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15
Q

This is found in hairy skin for stretching.

A

Ruffini nerve endings

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16
Q

This is found in glabrous skin (palm and finger). It is the most sensitive.

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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17
Q

This is found in glabrous skin and is sensitive to dynamic changes in the skin.

A

Meissner Corpuscle

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18
Q

This is a perceived sensation in response to stimuli that cause tissue damage.

A

Nociception (Pain)

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19
Q

Where are nociceptors found?

A

Skin, muscles, joints, and viscera

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20
Q

What are the two types of pain?

A
  1. Fast Pain
  2. Slow Pain
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21
Q

This pain is carried by myelinated Type A-delta fibers.

A

Fast pain

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22
Q

This pain is carried to unmyelinated Type C fibers.

A

Slow pain

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23
Q

Where are temperature receptors found?

A

In the subcutaneous layer of the skin

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24
Q

Cold receptors are sensitive to temperatures __________.

A

Below 37ºC

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25
Q

Warm receptors are sensitive to temperatures ____________.

A

Between 35ºC to 45ºC

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26
Q

This is referred to as the body’s internal thermostat.

A

Hypothalamus

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27
Q

Gustation has at least four types of taste bud receptors. What are they?

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Salt
  3. Sour
  4. Bitter
28
Q

The ‘umami’ receptor detects the amino acid, __________.

A

Glutamate (Glu)

29
Q

Taste is a combination of what senses?

A
  1. Taste receptors
  2. Olfactory receptors
  3. Touch (mouth feel)
  4. Temperature
  5. Sight
30
Q

Where are olfactory receptors located?

A

In the roof of the nasal cavity

31
Q

What is the process of olfaction?

A
  1. Odor molecule binds to olfactory receptor
  2. Action potential is triggered
  3. AP is carried to the brain
32
Q

Hearing is also known as ___________.

33
Q

It is the sense of sound perception.

34
Q

What is the normal range of hearing?

A

20 to 20,000 Hz

35
Q

This is the detection of sound waves as vibrations by the body.

36
Q

What are the steps of hearing?

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Vibration of tympanic membrane
  3. Detection of vibration by hair cells in the inner ear
37
Q

What are the two tests for hearing?

A
  1. Weber’s test
  2. Rinne’s test
38
Q

In the Rinne’s test, this is performed by pressing the base of the tuning fork against the MASTOID PORTION and noting the duration that the sound can be perceived by the subject.

A

Bone conduction

39
Q

In __________, immediately place the prongs of the
fork 2 cm away from the EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS the ear once no sound is perceived in bone conduction

A

Air conduction

40
Q

What is considered a normal result in the Rinne’s Test?

A

AC > BC in both ears

41
Q

What is considered a normal result in the Weber’s test?

42
Q

This is referred to as the perception of balance.

A

Equilibrioception

43
Q

Equilibrioception is controlled by?

A
  1. Vestibular system in the inner ear
  2. Cerebellum
44
Q

What are the two components of the vestibular system?

A
  1. Semicircular canals
  2. Utricle and saccule
45
Q

Semicircular canals contain fluid known as __________ that detects rotatory movements of the head.

46
Q

The utricle and saccule are __________ that detect linear acceleration and the effects of gravity.

A

Otolith organs

47
Q

This aids in the detection of gravity.

A

Calcium carbonate crystals

48
Q

This is the perception of body position

A

Proprioception

49
Q

This is the ability to detect electromagnetic energy.

50
Q

What is the visible spectrum?

A

380 nm to 750 nm

51
Q

The brain interprets the image collected by the __________ in the eye as ‘sight’

A

Photoreceptor cells

52
Q

This is responsible for color differentiation and found in the Fovea of the eye.

53
Q

This is responsible for light and dark contrast.

54
Q

This is the region with highest visual acuity, in which cones are predominantly found.

55
Q

This is known as the blind spot due to the lack of receptors. It is also where the nerves and retinal blood vessels enter and exit.

A

Optic disc

56
Q

This is referred to as extremely rapid eye movement

A

Saccadic masking

Remember from PHYSIOL: fast movements = saccades

57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: During the rapid movement, the optic nerve ceases to transmit visual information

58
Q

What are the corresponding peak sensitivities of each cone?

Red -
Green -
Blue -

A

Red - 564 nm
Green - 534 nm
Blue - 420 nm

59
Q

This occurs when people lack one or more sets of cones OR have cones that respond to different peak frequencies

A

Color blindness

60
Q

What are the four types of color blindness?

A
  1. Red-green color blindness
  2. Yellow-blue color blindness
  3. Full color blindness
  4. Blue color blindness
61
Q

This type of color blindness is the most common congenital color blindness.

A

Red-green color blindness

62
Q

These two types of color blindness are rare.

A

Full color blindness and blue color blindness

63
Q

What is the altered sensitivity and complete deficiency in red cones?

A

Protanomaly and protanopia, respectively

64
Q

What is the altered sensitivity and complete deficiency in green cones?

A

Deutanomaly and deutanopia, respectively

65
Q

What is the altered sensitivity and complete deficiency in blue cones?

A

Not seen and tritanopia, respectively

LBBBI15 (10 decks)

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